Finite element analyses of several seismically- and dynamically-induced liquefaction flow failures suggest that existing relations to estimate the yield strength ratio of contractive, saturated sandy soils may be overly conservative. Herein, we propose tentative revised relations for estimating yield strength ratio using normalized penetration resistance. These relations are based on available laboratory data from triaxial compression, torsional shear/triaxial compression, direct simple shear, and ring shear tests on isotropically- and anisotropically-consolidated specimens. We use the finite element analysis results from the case histories for preliminary verification of the proposed relations for yield strength ratio.
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