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首页> 外文会议>ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition >PARTICULATE MATTER: FINE AND ULTRAFINE - HOW EMERGING DATA ON ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS MAY CHANGE HOW WE REGULATE WORKER EXPOSURES TO DUST
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PARTICULATE MATTER: FINE AND ULTRAFINE - HOW EMERGING DATA ON ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS MAY CHANGE HOW WE REGULATE WORKER EXPOSURES TO DUST

机译：特殊问题：精细和超精细-工程化纳米材料的新兴数据可能会改变我们如何将劳动者暴露量除尘

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Currently in the United States, agencies responsible for regulations related to worker or public exposures to dust set rules based on a few general categories determined by gross particle size categories like PM10 (particles ＜ 10 μm) and PM2.5 (particles ＜ 2.5 μm) and the total mass of certain specific compounds (e.g., 3.5 mg/m~3 of carbon black). Environmental health researchers however, have begun to focus on a new category of ultrafine particles (PM0.1; particles ＜ 100 nm) as being more indicative of actual health risks in people. The emerging field of nanotoxicology meanwhile is providing new insights into how and why certain particles cause damage in the lungs by investigating the effects of exposure in animals to very well characterized engineered nanomaterials. Based on this recent research the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has issued new recommended exposure limits (RELs) for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles that are 2-3 orders of magnitude more stringent than RELs for larger particles of the same or similar substance. It remains unclear at present how stringent future regulations may be for engineered and inadvertently created nanoparticles or ultrafine dusts. Nor is it clear whether verification methods to demonstrate compliance with these rules could or should be devised to differentiate between engineered and inadvertently created nanoparticles. This study presents a review of the history of dust regulation in the United States, how emerging data on the health risks of ultrafine particles and engineered nanoparticles is changing our understanding of the risks of inhaled dust, and how future rulemaking in regards to these and similar particulate materials may unfold. This review shows the extent to which rules on dust have become more stringent over time specifically in the case of diesel emissions and silica exposure, and indicates that new rules on worker exposure to ultrafine dusts or engineered nanomaterials may be expected in the United States within 5-10 years based on past experience on the time delay in connecting research on new hazards to regulatory intervention. Current research suggests there will be several challenges to compliance with these rules depending on the structure of the final rule and the development of detection technologies. Although the research on ultrafine dust control technologies appears to indicate that once rulemaking begins there may be no serious feasibility limits to controlling these exposures. Based on ongoing exposure studies, those industries likely to be most affected by a new rule on ultrafine dusts not specific to engineered nanomaterials will include transportation, mining, paper and wood products, construction, and manufacturing.
机译：目前在美国，负责与工人或公众暴露于粉尘集合规则相关法规的机构基于由总颗粒尺寸类别（如PM10（小于10μm的颗粒）和PM2.5（小于2.5μm的颗粒）确定的一些一般类别。以及某些特定化合物的总质量（例如3.5 mg / m〜3的炭黑）。然而，环境健康研究人员已开始关注一种新的超细颗粒（PM0.1;小于100 nm的颗粒），因为它们更能指示人们的实际健康风险。同时，纳米毒理学的新兴领域正在通过研究动物暴露于特征明确的工程化纳米材料的影响，从而为某些颗粒如何以及为何对肺造成损害提供了新的见解。根据这项最新研究，美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）发布了针对碳纳米管（CNT）和二氧化钛纳米粒子的新建议暴露极限（RELs），比较大粒子的RELs严格2-3个数量级。相同或相似的物质。目前尚不清楚对工程和无意制造的纳米颗粒或超细粉尘的未来法规可能有多严格。还不清楚是否可以或应该设计出验证方法来证明符合这些规则，以区分工程和无意中创建的纳米粒子。这项研究概述了美国的粉尘管制历史，有关超细颗粒和工程纳米颗粒健康风险的新数据如何改变我们对吸入粉尘风险的理解，以及未来关于这些粉尘和类似物的法规制定方式颗粒物质可能会展开。这项审查表明，随着时间的推移，特别是在柴油机排放和二氧化硅暴露的情况下，关于灰尘的规定已变得越来越严格，并表明在美国，可能预期在5天内将有新的关于工人接触超细粉尘或工程纳米材料的规定。根据过去在将新危害的研究与监管干预联系起来的时间延迟方面的经验，获得了-10年的经验。当前的研究表明，取决于最终规则的结构和检测技术的发展，遵守这些规则将面临若干挑战。尽管对超细粉尘控制技术的研究表明，一旦制定规则，控制这些暴露可能就没有严重的可行性限制。根据正在进行的暴露研究，那些可能受到关于非工程纳米材料特有的超细粉尘新法规影响最大的行业将包括运输，采矿，纸和木制品，建筑和制造业。

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