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A Vehicle Design and Optimization Model for On-Demand Aviation

机译：随需飞行的车辆设计和优化模型

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On-demand aviation refers to an envisaged air taxi service, using small, autonomous, vertical-takeoff-and-landing, battery-powered electric aircraft. A conceptual design and optimization tool for on-demand aviation is presented in this paper. The tool uses Geometric Programming, a class of optimization problems with extremely fast solve times and for which global optimality is guaranteed. The optimization model consists of a vehicle, a sizing mission, a revenue-generating mission, and a deadhead (non-passenger-carrying) mission. Cost per trip, including the additional cost due to the deadhead mission, is used as the objective function. Vehicle noise is computed during post-processing using a semi-empirical method. The tool is used to conduct a trade study between several different on-demand aircraft configurations. Four case studies are presented: one on a sizing plot useful for vehicle preliminary design; one on New York City airport transfers; one on technological assumptions in the near-and long-term; and one on low-noise design techniques. A series of sensitivity studies are also performed. Vehicle configurations with a higher lift-to-drag ratio, but a higher disk loading, generally weigh less and cost less to operate; configurations with a lower lift-to-drag ratio, but a lower disk loading, are quieter. An on-demand air service, even in the near term, is far superior in terms of cost per trip as compared to current helicopter air taxi operations. In the long term, costs become competitive with current car ridesharing services, indicating that on-demand aviation may one day become a widespread commute system for the masses. Technological assumptions and vehicle requirements, especially mission range, battery energy density, vehicle autonomy level, battery manufacturing cost, and reserve requirements, have significant impacts on vehicle weight and cost. Vehicle noise can be reduced through the careful selection of key design parameters. However, envisaged noise requirements cannot easily be met, even with the most generous long-term technological assumptions. Vehicle noise is therefore a critical issue for on-demand aviation; substantial engineering effort to reduce noise will be required.
机译：按需航空是指设想的空中出租车服务，使用小型，自主的，垂直起降的，电池供电的电动飞机。本文提出了一种用于按需航空的概念设计和优化工具。该工具使用几何编程，这是一类具有极快求解时间的优化问题，并且可以保证全局最优。优化模型由车辆，规模确定任务，创收任务和无头任务（非载客）组成。每次旅行的成本（包括因无头任务而导致的额外成本）被用作目标函数。在后处理过程中，使用半经验方法计算车辆噪声。该工具用于在几种不同的按需飞机配置之间进行贸易研究。提出了四个案例研究：一个是在对车辆初步设计有用的尺寸图上;另一个是在尺寸图上。一次纽约市机场接送;一种基于近期和长期的技术假设;一种是低噪声设计技术。还进行了一系列敏感性研究。具有较高的升降阻力比但磁盘负载较高的车辆配置，通常重量更轻且操作成本更低;具有较低的提升/拖动比但磁盘负载较低的配置，则更为安静。与目前的直升机空中出租车运营相比，按需空中服务（即使在短期内）在每次旅行成本方面也要优越得多。从长远来看，成本与目前的汽车拼车服务相比具有竞争力，这表明按需航空可能有一天成为大众广泛的通勤系统。技术假设和车辆要求，特别是任务范围，电池能量密度，车辆自主性水平，电池制造成本和备用要求，对车辆重量和成本有重大影响。通过仔细选择关键设计参数可以降低车辆噪音。但是，即使采用最慷慨的长期技术假设，也很难满足预期的噪声要求。因此，车辆噪声是按需航空的关键问题。将需要进行大量的工程设计以减少噪声。

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