With the introduction of PVC crossflow film fill in 1970 and later counterflow film fill in 1979, methodologies to determine the design requirements for fill media were needed. Bottom-supported counterflow fill has had industry-wide acceptance for many decades. Fill manufacturers developed compression testing (a.k.a. crush testing) of packs to provide a meaningful structural data on film fills. This statistically repeatable approach has been a cornerstone of reliable design, and therefore aided in the success of PVC film fills in the cooling tower industry.
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