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An Introduction to Flow Control Devices and the Potential Benefits to Geothermal Applications

机译：流量控制设备简介以及地热应用的潜在好处

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Geothermal operators face several significant challenges in creating and maintaining optimal production from their wells. One of these challenges is the uniform distribution of both injected and produced fluid to and from the reservoir. Preferential production of fluid from one zone of a reservoir can result in thermal drawdown, reducing the temperature of the produced fluid. Additionally, the formation of direct pathways between injection and production wells, commonly referred to as "short-circuits", can heavily impact downhole heat transfer efficiency, particularly in Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) operations. Thermal heavy oil producers, particularly those who use Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), face a very similar challenge (though reversed in terms of heat transfer). In SAGD operations, the injected steam needs to be uniformly distributed in the target oil reservoir, or the operators risk abating the area effectively heated by the steam. Additionally, there is a risk that some of the injected steam may flow directly to the production well, resulting in an inefficient reservoir heating process and similar short-circuiting. To help address this problem, SAGD operators have begun to employ Flow Control Devices (FCDs) to provide an effective means of well control. Though the concept of FCDs is not new, having been utilized in conventional Oil and Gas for many years, the widespread adoption of this technology in SAGD wells is relatively recent. The first commercial deployment of FCDs in a SAGD well was completed in 2009 by ConocoPhillips Corporation at their Surmont SAGD Project; however, in the last 10 years FCDs have since become more widely adopted. Several SAGD operators have reported significant process improvements since the introduction of FCDs, including: better reservoir conformance, more efficient production of oil (i.e. less water and energy use, and lower GHG emissions) and increased total production. Given the similarities between the challenges faced by SAGD and Geothermal operators, FCDs may be a viable technology to help mitigate imbalanced reservoir flow in Geothermal operations. In order to evaluate the potential of FCD technology for Geothermal applications, there are key differences between the operations of a SAGD well and a Geothermal well that need to be assessed. This paper will summarize the current state of commercially available FCDs and their operation, how FCDs are typically used in the Oil and Gas industry, and the potential benefits and limitations if operators used FCDs in the Geothermal industry.
机译：地热作业者在通过其油井创造和维持最佳产量方面面临数项重大挑战。这些挑战之一是进出储层的注入流体和采出流体的均匀分布。从储层的一个区域优先生产流体会导致热量下降，从而降低产出流体的温度。另外，在注入井和生产井之间直接通路的形成（通常称为“短路”）会严重影响井下传热效率，尤其是在增强地热系统（EGS）作业中。热能重油生产商，尤其是那些使用蒸汽辅助重力排水（SAGD）的生产商，面临着非常相似的挑战（尽管在热传递方面是相反的）。在SAGD操作中，需要将注入的蒸汽均匀地分布在目标储油罐中，否则操作员就有可能减少被蒸汽有效加热的区域。另外，存在一些注入的蒸汽可能直接流到生产井的风险，从而导致储层加热过程效率低下和类似的短路。为了帮助解决此问题，SAGD运营商已开始使用流量控制设备（FCD）提供有效的井控手段。尽管FCD的概念并不新颖，已经在常规石油和天然气中使用了许多年，但相对较新的技术已在SAGD井中广泛采用。康菲石油公司在其Surmont SAGD项目中于2009年完成了SAGD井中FCD的首次商业部署;然而，在过去的10年中，FCD被广泛采用。自引入FCD以来，一些SAGD运营商报告了重大的工艺改进，包括：更好的储层一致性，更有效的石油生产（即，更少的水和能源使用量以及更低的GHG排放量）和增加的总产量。鉴于SAGD和地热运营商面临的挑战之间的相似之处，FCD可能是一种可行的技术，可帮助减轻地热运营中储层流量的不平衡。为了评估FCD技术在地热应用中的潜力，需要评估SAGD井和地热井之间的关键区别。本文将总结市售FCD的现状及其运行情况，FCD在石油和天然气行业中的典型使用方式，以及运营商在地热行业中使用FCD的潜在收益和局限性。

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