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URSAL: Ultra-Efficient, Reliable, Scalable, and Available Block Storage at Low Cost

机译：URSAL：低成本，超高效，可靠，可扩展和可用的块存储

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Large-scale cloud block storage provides virtual disks for various applications and services like online booking, gaming, and offline data analytics. The state-of-the-art URSA [1] block store adopted a hybrid storage structure which placed primary data on solid-state drives (SSDs) and stored backup data on hard-disk drives (HDDs). URSA used small SSD journals to bridge the performance gap between SSDs and HDDs. Although URSA’s SSD-HDD-hybrid storage structure achieves SSD-like I/O performance while using only one third of the SSDs required by the SSD-only storage pattern (storing both primary data and backup data on SSDs), we argue that the traditional HDDonly storage structure is still preferable for a large variety of relatively low-end customers and underloaded applications that are sensitive to the per-bit storage cost.To lower the storage cost, in this paper we design URSAL, an HDD-only block store which provides ultra efficiency, reliability, scalability and availability at low cost. Compared to existing block stores such as URSA, Ceph, and Sheepdog, URSAL has the following distinctions. First, URSAL designs the proxy-based storage architecture, where a proxy server process runs together with each virtual machine (VM) client mounting virtual disks and controls the procedure of all block-level I/O. Second, URSAL selectively performs direct block writes on raw HDDs or indirect log appends to HDD journals (which are then asynchronously replayed to raw HDDs), depending on the characteristics of the workloads. Third, URSAL runs one storage server process for each physical HDD, which conservatively has at most one active thread reading/writing the HDD to avoid I/O contention. We have implemented URSAL. Evaluation results show that URSAL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art HDD-only block stores (Ceph and Sheepdog) when providing virtual disks for underloaded applications.
机译：大规模云块存储为各种应用程序和服务提供虚拟磁盘，例如在线预订，游戏和离线数据分析。最新的URSA [1]块存储采用了一种混合存储结构，该结构将主数据放置在固态驱动器（SSD）上，并将备份数据存储在硬盘驱动器（HDD）上。 URSA使用小型SSD日志来弥合SSD和HDD之间的性能差距。尽管URSA的SSD-HDD混合存储结构可实现类似SSD的I / O性能，但仅使用仅SSD的存储模式所需的三分之一SSD（在SSD上存储主要数据和备份数据），但我们认为传统对于对位存储成本敏感的各种相对低端的客户和负载不足的应用程序，仍然首选HDDonly存储结构。为了降低存储成本，本文设计了仅用于HDD的块存储URSAL。以低成本提供超高效率，可靠性，可扩展性和可用性。与现有的块存储（例如URSA，Ceph和Sheepdog）相比，URSAL具有以下区别。首先，URSAL设计了基于代理的存储体系结构，其中代理服务器进程与每个安装虚拟磁盘的虚拟机（VM）客户端一起运行，并控制所有块级I / O的过程。其次，URSAL根据工作负载的特性，选择性地对原始HDD执行直接块写入，或对HDD日志进行间接日志追加（然后将其异步重放到原始HDD）。第三，URSAL为每个物理HDD运行一个存储服务器进程，保守地，该物理HDD最多具有一个活动线程读/写HDD，以避免I / O争用。我们已经实施了URSAL。评估结果表明，在为负载不足的应用程序提供虚拟磁盘时，URSAL的性能明显优于仅提供HDD的最新块存储（Ceph和Sheepdog）。

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