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Haven’t We Been Here Before? A Critical Analysis of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

机译：我们以前还没来过这里吗？第四次工业革命的批判性分析

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Expectations of a ‘new’ technological era in which work and domestic spaces would be characterized by automation and robotization on a bigger scale than previously known has been periodized as marking the birth of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). The dominant narrative about this revolutionary moment has promoted the benefits and inevitability of this highly technologized epoch. While in the global north some of these technological disruptions have already occurred, the picture of what this means for the global south is less certain. Because of the unfulfilled promises of earlier revolutionary processes, sceptics have been quick to shed light on the structural factors, which might forestall the benefits from trickling down to all and sundry in the global south. Others have raised serious concerns about the possible continuation of the unequal spread of change that has characterized earlier revolutions and appropriations of advanced technologies. A classic example relates to the so-called ‘e-commerce revolution’, which was supposed to usher in an online universe where buyers, sellers, regulators and intermediaries would be interlinked to execute their transactions from all corners of the globe. Just like the techno-enthusiasts and their digital sublime predictions of the revolutionary features of the 4IR, ecommerce proponents point to an online transaction system that already is vibrant, global, and convenient for significant sectors. But who has been left behind? And what of those for whom this disruption means nothing but a loss of income and a redundancy of their skills? Is the planning for this supposedly ‘new epoch’ sufficiently inclusive of a broad church of stakeholders, so that the new transitions are anthropocentric, sensitive to global diversities, and ensure that no communities are left behind? This article is motivated by the sheer desire to critique some of the taken-for-granted assumptions of the 4IR, and adopts what we call a ‘technological-realist standpoint’. It steers the debate away from technological solutionist claims towards the appreciation of the complex interactions between society and technology. It cautions against the reproduction of social and economic inequalities, urging that the dividends of the so-called ‘revolution’ be shared equally so that no one is left behind, as articulated by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SGS).
机译：对“新”技术时代的期望，其中工作和国内空间的自动化和机器人在更大的规模上的特征，比以前已知的是标志着第四个工业革命的诞生（4IR）。关于这一革命力矩的主导叙述促进了这种高度技术时代的益处和必然性。虽然在全球北方的一些技术中断已经发生了，但是这对全球南方的意义的图片不太确定。由于较早的革命过程的未实现承诺，怀疑论者一直很快就阐明了结构因素，这可能会使受益于全球南方的全球和阳光蔓延到涓涓细流。其他人提出了对可能的延续不平等的变化蔓延的严重担忧，这些变化具有表现出早期的革命和先进技术的拨款。一个经典的例子涉及所谓的“电子商务革命”，它应该迎来一个在线宇宙，在线宇宙，买方，卖方，监管机构和中间人将被交互，以便从全球各个角落执行他们的交易。就像技术爱好者和他们的数字崇高预测4IR的革命特征一样，电子商务支持者指向已经充满活力，全球，方便的在线交易系统的重要部门。但谁留下了？那些破坏的人是什么意思，除了收入丧失和他们技能的冗余？这据说是这个据说是“新的时代”的规划，充分包容了一个广泛的利益攸关方教会，使新的过渡是人体中心，对全球多样性敏感，并确保没有落后社区？这篇文章的推动受到批判4IR所考虑的一些被取得的假设，并采用我们称之为“技术 - 现实主义的角度”的潜意识。它使辩论远离技术方案主义者声称对社会与技术之间复杂的相互作用的赞赏。促进社会和经济不平等的复制，敦促所谓的“革命”的股息平等地分享，以便在联合国的可持续发展目标（SGS）阐述没有人落后。

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