The production of oil & gas from wells requires method of flow from the producing formation into the well bore. Once the well is drilled it will have casing pipe installed to protect the integrity of the well formations and means of delivery to the surface. Once casing pipe is installed it will be cemented in by pumping cement through the annulus of the casing pipe down to the bottom of the well and allowed to flow outside the casing pipe up into the formation. To produce out of zones in the well the casing pipe must be perforated to provide a method of flow from the formation into the well bore so it can be brought to the surface of the well. The first perforating gun was developed in 1932 and it has evolved into sophisticated perforating systems to meet the customers' needs in providing the best solution to optimize production out of the well bore. The paper will explore the history, types of perforating systems, explosives used along with types of explosives normally used. In addition, advent of deeper and directional wells introduces other challenges in perforating technology that the industry has needed to meet which will be discussed. The safety of the operation is of the utmost importance and with the introduction of wireless technology has introduced significant operational considerations that must be addressed.
展开▼
