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首页> 外文会议>Workshop on Agriculture: New Directions for a New Nation East Timor >The role of Leucaena in swidden cropping and livestock production in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia
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The role of Leucaena in swidden cropping and livestock production in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia

机译：Leucaena在印度尼西亚努沙腾加加拉蒂尔省横向裁剪和畜牧业生产中的作用

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The islands of Nusa Tenggara Timur province in eastern Indonesia lie in the rain shadow of Australia. They have a semi-arid climate with a short wet season from December to March, and a long, hot, dry season. Natural erosion can be quite severe when heavy rains at the start of the wet season fall on soil that has lost much of its vegetative cover over the long period without rain. Increasing population and the introduction and increase of swidden cropping, extensive wildfires, domestic livestock, and weeds in the late 1800s and 1900s accelerated the loss of natural vegetation and led to extensive land degradation over much of the province. Between the 1930s and 1960s, villagers, government institutions and non-government organisations recognised that more sustainable fallow systems were needed, so the use of Leucaena leucocephala was developed and promoted in the province. Contrasting systems have since emerged and endured in the Amarasi and Sikka areas, providing excellent examples of village adoption and use of shrub legumes in village farming systems. The aim of this paper is to describe the background and nature of contrasting Leucaena-based farming systems in Amarasi and Sikka in NTT and to promote awareness that might be useful in utilisation of leucaena and other shrub legumes in East Timor. The Amarasi system, which was developed in the 1930s, is based around the use of Leucaena as a fallow rotation for corn and as a food source for tethered cattle and housed goats. The Sikka system was developed in the 1960s and involves the use of contour rows of Leucaena to prevent erosion and to create indirect terraces. Crops such as corn, peanuts, and mung beans are grown on the terraces and mulched with Leucaena clippings. These extensive systems each cover about 50,000 hectares, or about 70% and 30% of the Amarasi and Sikka areas respectively. They have contributed substantially to farm production, wood supply, and stabilisation of the resource base. The systems were placed under severe pressure and declined for several years after 1986, when the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) spread, multiplied, and devastated Leucaena over wide areas. This led to increased use of other tree legumes in the systems and a search for Leucaena species tolerant of the psyllid. Over time, however, the influence of the psyllid waned and, during the 1990s, Leucaena production and utilisation returned to near its previous levels. This paper describes these contrasting systems and draws conclusions about the reasons for their success. They are examples of successful and robust cropping and livestock systems that have been widely adopted by farmers. Lessons from Amarasi and Sikka are valuable in considering the promotion and adoption of similar systems in other areas.
机译：Nusa Tenggara Timur Province在印度尼西亚东部的南部撒谎在澳大利亚的雨云中。他们有一个半干旱的气候，从12月到3月的潮湿季节短，炎热，炎热，干燥的季节。当湿季开始的大雨落在土壤上落在雨季的土壤中，在长期没有下雨的情况下失去了大部分植物覆盖的土壤中，自然侵蚀可能是相当严重的。 18世纪后期，增加人口和横向种植，广泛的野火，国内畜牧业和杂草的引入和增加加速了自然植被的丧失，并导致了大部分省份的广泛土地退化。在20世纪30年代和20世纪60年代，村民们，政府机构和非政府组织认识到需要更多可持续的休耕系统，因此在该省开发和促进了Leucaena Leucocephala的使用。自从amarasi和锡卡地区出现并忍受了造影系统，提供了村庄农业系统灌木豆类的乡村采用和使用的优秀例子。本文的目的是描述NTT在amarasi和Sikka中的基于Leucaena的养殖系统的背景和性质，并提高了在东帝汶利用Leucaena和其他灌木豆类中的意识。在20世纪30年代开发的Amarasi系统是基于使用Leucaena作为玉米休耕的旋转，作为束缚牛和山羊的食物来源。 Sikka系统是在20世纪60年代开发的，涉及使用轮廓行的leucaena来防止侵蚀并创建间接露台。玉米，花生和绿豆等作物在露台上生长并用leucaena剪报覆盖。这些广泛的系统分别覆盖大约50,000公顷，或约70％和30％的阿马拉西和锡卡卡地区。他们基本上贡献了农业生产，木材供应和资源基础的稳定。在严重的压力下置于严重的压力下，并在1986年后下降了几年，当普通话（异丙虫液）传播，乘以和毁灭性的Leucaena在广泛的领域之后。这导致在系统中增加了在系统中使用其他树豆类以及搜索了普华莲属植物的Leucaena物种。然而，随着时间的推移，在20世纪90年代，Leucaena生产和利用期间，腹股沟的影响返回其前一级。本文介绍了这些造影系统，并得出了他们成功原因的结论。它们是已被农民广泛采用的成功和强大的种植和畜牧系统的例子。来自Amarasi和Sikka的课程在考虑促进和采用其他地区的类似系统方面都很有价值。

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