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COAL STRATEGY AND BOILER OPTIMIZATION

机译：煤炭战略和锅炉优化

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Since the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were implemented beginning in 1995, a plethora of changes to the operating environment of every electric utility has occurred. Initial (Phase I) CAAA changes were primarily related to fuel switching to lower sulfur coals in order to comply with the SO{sub}2 caps mandated by the regulations. Phase II CAAA changes entailed a more complicated approach of fuel switching not only to lower sulfur coals, but also co-firing or seasonal firing of natural gas. Further complicating the picture was the regulatory implications of reducing NO{sub}x emissions. The reduction of NO{sub}x required the fuel switching, low NO{sub}x burners, overfire air, and more recently selective catalytic reduction (SCR's). As we approach Phase III of the 1990 CAAA, the electric utility industry is forced to move to flue gas de-sulfurization (FGD) coupled with SCR's and in many cases now fabric filters with spray dry adsorption (FF) in order to meet the new mercury and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) requirements as well as the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) enacted in 2005 that implements stricter requirements for particulate matter (PM) as well as ozone. On the Industrial side the Industrial Boiler MACT was recently implemented. These regulations significantly impact industrial coal users with respect to mercury and other HAP's as well as implementing limits on chlorine emissions. The new MACT rules coupled with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment rules that are implemented in the form of State Implementation Plans (SIPs) that regulate sulfur emissions (SO{sub}2) and particulates in the form of opacity as well as ozone if the industrial is located in a non-attainment area.
机译：自1990年清洁空气法案（CAAA）于1995年开始实施，因此发生了每次电厂的运行环境的多种变化。初始（I阶段I）CAAA变化主要与燃料切换到下硫煤切换有关，以符合规定授权的所以{Sub} 2章。 II期CAAA变化不仅需要更加复杂的燃料切换方法，不仅可以降低硫煤，还具有较低的硫煤，而且是天然气的共用或季节性烧制。进一步复杂化图片是减少{sub} x排放的监管影响。不需要{sub} x的减少所需的燃料切换，低NO {sub}燃烧器，溢出空气，更最近选择性催化还原（SCR）。随着我们接近1990年CAAA的第三阶段，电力工业行业被迫转移到烟气脱硫（FGD）与SCR和许多情况下，现在具有喷雾干燥吸附（FF）的织物过滤器，以满足新的汞和危险空气污染物（HAP）要求以及2005年制定的清洁空中州际规则（Cair），实现对颗粒物质（PM）以及臭氧的更严格要求。在工业方面，最近实施了工业锅炉判决。这些法规对工业煤炭用户及其他HAP的影响显着影响了工业煤炭用户，以及对氯排放的限制。新的救济规则加上1990年的清洁空气法案修正规则，这些规则是以国家实施计划（SIP）的形式实施，以规范硫排放（SO {SEA} 2）和透明度形式的含量以及臭氧工业位于非达定区。

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