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On the definition of life: taking the Aristotelian approach

机译：关于生活的定义：采取亚里士多德的方法

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Despite numerous attempts, we still do not have a satisfactory definition of life. It is generally accepted that one of the essential features of life is the ability of an organism to reproduce. This implies that mules, workers ants, and other sterile individuals are not alive. To correct this apparent problem, we suggest that life should be defined in two ways. In the first way life is defined as a phenomenon, for which the reproduction of some, but not all individuals is essential. In the second way, life is defined as a set of characteristics of an individual organism, among which the reproduction is not essential. We explore Aristotle's classifications of things that exist, in which he placed individual living beings as primary substances, above their species and genera, which are secondary substances. Definition of life as a phenomenon needs to link life to its origins. Life presumably emerged from abiotic matter via chemical evolution. We have examined Aristotle's concept of change in which potentiality goes to actuality, and its variant, Kauffman's concept of adjacent possible, for their possible application in the prebiotic chemical evolution. We have found that these principles are somewhat useful in the back engineering process, but that they have very little predictive value.
机译：尽管尝试了很多，但我们仍然没有令人满意的生活定义。人们普遍认为，生命的基本特征之一是生物体繁殖的能力。这意味着骡子，工人蚂蚁和其他无菌体并不活着。为了纠正这种明显的问题，我们建议使用两种方式定义。在第一种方法中，生活被定义为一种现象，其中一些繁殖，但不是所有人都是必不可少的。在第二种方式，生命被定义为个体生物的一组特征，其中再现不是必需的。我们探索亚里士多德的分类存在，其中他将个别生活中的物质放在他们的物种和白身之上，这是二级物质。作为现象的生活定义需要将生命联系起来。寿命可能是通过化学进化从非生物质中出现的。我们已经审查了亚里士多德的变化概念，其中潜力达到现实，其变体Kauffman的邻近可能的概念，以便他们在益生元化学进化中的应用。我们发现这些原则在后面工程过程中有点有用，但它们具有很小的预测价值。

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