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VARIATIONS OF URETERAL ECTOPIA IN DOGS - LESSONS LEARNED

机译：犬输尿管异位症的变化 - 经验教训

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Ectopic ureters (EU) is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in young female dogs; it is also the most common anatomic abnormality associated with incontinence of female dogs of any age. EU is recognized in cats and other large animal species(horse, alpaca etc) but is considered rare. Urinary incontinence is the most common clinical presentation of female dogs with EU. The degree of urinary incontinence is variable ranging from mild and intermittent to continuous and severe. Incontinence and may worsen in recumbent positions, with increased activity and with increased water consumption (swimming, eating snow, drug therapy i.e. steroid administration). The severity of urinary incontinence does not dictate the type and location of the ectopic ureteral orifice(s) nor has it been correlated to treatment outcomes. EU has also been diagnosed as an incidental finding in both male and female dogs with no clinical signs of urinary incontinence. Canine patients diagnosed with EU are usually, generally less than 1 year of age at the time of initial presentation. Females tend to present at a younger age than males. Although females are diagnosed more frequently than males, EU may be more common in males than historically appreciated because affectedmales frequently are not incontinent as a consequence of the length of urethra distal to the opening of the ectopically displaced ureters. Delayed-onset urinary incontinence has been recently reported in 5 of 22 female dogs diagnosed with congenital EU.It is likely that urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) may play a contributing role in some female dogs presenting with delayed-onset urinary incontinence. Although EU is often viewed as a simple plumbing "bypass" problem, it is far more complex due to concurrent anatomical anomalies contributing to urinary incontinence. Recognized anomalies of the urogenital tract associated with EU include, short urethra, indistinct vesicourethral junction (VUJ) resulting in low urethral closure pressure,vaginal and vestibular abnormalities and abnormal formation of the external urethral sphincter and meatus. Abnormalities in the development of the kidney (single agenesis, renal hypoplasia and dysplasia) are encountered in some dogs with EU as well as the finding of hydronephrosis and hydroureter.
机译：异位输尿管（欧盟）是年轻女性犬中最常见的尿失禁原因;它也是与任何年龄的女性犬的尿失禁相关的最常见的解剖异常。欧盟被猫和其他大型动物物种（马，羊驼等）认可，但被认为是罕见的。尿失禁是欧盟女性狗最常见的临床介绍。尿失禁程度是可变的，从轻度和间歇到连续和严重。尿失禁并且可能在卧位中恶化，随着活性增加，水消耗量增加（游泳，吃雪，药物治疗即类固醇给药）。尿失禁的严重程度并未决定异位输尿管孔口的类型和位置，也不与治疗结果相关联。欧盟还被诊断为患有患有尿失禁的临床症状的男性和女性狗的偶然发现。患有欧盟的犬患者通常在初始介绍时通常不到1年龄。女性往往呈现比男性更年轻。虽然女性比男性更频繁地诊断，但欧盟可能比历史上更常见，因为由于尿道的尿道的长度远离异常移位输尿管的尿道长度而不受影响，因此受到影响。最近在诊断先天性欧盟患有先天性欧盟的22名女性狗中举行延迟尿失禁。它可能是尿括约肌机制无能（USMI）可能在一些患有延迟发作的尿失禁的女性狗中发挥贡献作用。虽然欧盟经常被视为一个简单的管道“旁路”问题，但由于同时解剖异常导致尿失禁，它更为复杂。与欧盟相关的泌尿生殖道的公认异常包括，短尿道，模糊的叶宫碱连接（VUJ）导致尿道闭合压力，阴道和前庭异常和外部尿道括约肌和肉体的异常形成。在一些狗的患者中遇到了肾脏（单一妊娠，肾复病和发育不良）的异常，以及欧盟的一些狗以及肾内肾小粒和循环的发现。

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