Volume manufacture of paper, sheet steel and packaging foil only became possible with the industrial development of the rolling mill in the early 20th century. In these processes a large number of rollers and cylinders are required in the mill in order to arrive at a finished product. With as many as 200 rollers and cylinders in a single paper machine and roll lengths as much as 6 metres, operating at speeds greater than 100 km/h accurate alignment of rollers is vitally important to the manufacturing process and final product quality. The same methods, however, that have been used for over 100 years for the geometric alignment of the individual rollers to one another are still in use today. It is not surprising that the availability of these modern mills is often compromised by the unsatisfactory alignment of individual rollers. The requirements really are very high! When a paper machine is being newly built, most rollers require an accuracy of equal to or better than 0.03mm/m. Adherence to this accuracy is usually ensured by the machine manufacturer. At such times there exists ideal conditions for a meticulous job: clean environment, tolerable temperatures, less time pressure on the part of the machine builder. It is completely different, however, when a bearing or roller has to subsequently be replaced. Often no expert is on hand: The machine must run again in two hours time (after all, each hour of machine downtime costs ?20,000 of contribution margin...), and it is intolerably hot and noisy. Such adverse conditions often leads to inaccuracies creeping in to the alignment condition and eventually a reduction of the plant throughput over time caused by skewed running, creasing, and tearing of product. Nearly always the work on the first roller (after commissioning) is the cause of further alignment work which can be politely referred to by the term "trial-and-error".
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机译：直到20世纪初，随着轧机的工业发展，才可能批量生产纸张，钢板和包装箔。在这些过程中，轧机中需要大量的辊子和滚筒，以便获得成品。在一台造纸机中有多达200个辊和滚筒，辊长高达6米，因此，以超过100 km / h的速度运行时，辊的精确对准对制造过程和最终产品质量至关重要。但是，至今仍在使用相同的方法，这些方法已使单个辊彼此几何对准已使用了100多年。不足为奇的是，这些现代化轧机的可用性通常会因单个滚筒的对齐不当而受到损害。要求真的很高！当新建一台造纸机时，大多数滚筒要求的精度等于或大于0.03mm / m。机器制造商通常会确保保持这种准确性。在这种情况下，存在进行精细工作的理想条件：清洁的环境，可承受的温度，对机械制造商而言较小的时间压力。但是，当随后必须更换轴承或滚子时，情况则完全不同。通常没有专家在手：机器必须在两个小时的时间内再次运行（毕竟，机器每停机一小时要付出约20,000的保证金...），而且它的温度令人难以忍受且嘈杂。此类不利条件通常会导致不准确的情况蔓延到对准条件中，并最终导致运行偏差，折痕和产品撕裂，从而导致工厂产能随时间下降。几乎总是（调试后）第一辊上的工作是进一步对中工作的原因，可以用术语“试错法”来礼貌地提及。
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