In a vast number of applications that range from communication to radar and remote sensing, we are faced with the problem of describing electromagnetic wave propagation in complex environments. Given the complex geometry of the problem, analytic solution of Maxwell equations cannot be sought for, and approximated propagation models must be developed. It turns out that a powerful approach consists in introducing randomness into the problem and to look for average solutions, rather than ad-hoc ones tailored at speci c cases. Hence, the environment is described by stochastic parameters and solutions are obtained in di erent broad scenarios. We look at two di erent models that, despite their di erent assumptions, lead to very similar results that can explain experimental ndings, and that have been proved of very useful application to reveal limits of wireless communication networks data rates.
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