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首页> 外文会议>NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Assessment and Management of Environmental Risks: Methods and Applications in Eastern European and Developing Countries Oct 1-4, 2000, Lisbon, Portugal >APPLICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
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APPLICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

机译：风险评估在不同国家中的应用

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摘要

In most countries, the risk assessment process uses basic scientific information to evaluate potential risks to human health and the environment. Typically, these scientific evaluations of potential risk to human health and the environment are used to determine if remedial action or cleanup is necessary and if so, how much is needed. In addition, the quantitative results of these risk assessments are often used to determine cleanup goals for restoration of a waste site. Given that the United States has developed extensive guidance and has established numerous policies for the use of risk assessment in environmental problem solving, it is not surprising for methodologies in other countries to be similar. In addition, many of the scientific databases created for risk assessments originate in the United States further producing similarities among countries. However, for many countries, including the United States, there are many issues surrounding the science that are as yet, unresolved. These issues include the following: 1) existence of uncertainties inherent in the risk assessment process; 2) relative importance of human health versus ecological risk; 3) what constitutes acceptable or unacceptable levels of risk for human and ecological receptors; and 4) the role of risk communication (i.e., consensus among all stakeholders). These are all issues that produce differences in risk assessment protocols and interpretation of risk assessment results. Thus, how the scientific risk assessment process can be used to make decisions about the cleanup of potential human health and ecological risks at waste sites may vary widely among countries. Similarities and differences between the risk assessment and risk management processes in various countries will be discussed in this paper.
机译：在大多数国家，风险评估过程使用基本的科学信息来评估对人类健康和环境的潜在风险。通常，使用这些对人类健康和环境潜在风险的科学评估来确定是否需要采取补救措施或清理工作，如果需要，则需要多少。此外，这些风险评估的定量结果通常用于确定清理目标，以恢复废物现场。鉴于美国已经制定了广泛的指导方针，并建立了许多在环境问题解决中使用风险评估的政策，其他国家的方法如此相似也就不足为奇了。此外，为风险评估而创建的许多科学数据库都起源于美国，进一步在国家之间产生了相似之处。但是，对于包括美国在内的许多国家，围绕科学的许多问题尚未解决。这些问题包括：1）风险评估过程中存在固有的不确定性； 2）人类健康与生态风险的相对重要性； 3）什么构成人类和生态受体的可接受或不可接受的风险水平； 4）风险沟通的作用（即所有利益相关者之间的共识）。这些都是在风险评估协议和风险评估结果的解释上产生差异的问题。因此，各国之间如何利用科学的风险评估程序来做出有关清理潜在的人类健康和生态风险的决定，在各国之间可能存在很大差异。本文将讨论各国在风险评估和风险管理流程之间的异同。

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