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首页> 外文会议>NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soil Quality in Relation tot Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Environmental Security in Central and Eastern Europe, Oct 13-17, 1997, Pulawy, Poland >LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SOIL QUALITY ASSESSMENT WITH RESPECT TO ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS: The significance of sewage sludge applied to agricultural land
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LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SOIL QUALITY ASSESSMENT WITH RESPECT TO ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS: The significance of sewage sludge applied to agricultural land

机译：关于有机污染物的土壤质量评估的长期实地试验和意义：污水污泥在农业土地上的应用意义

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Over 1 million tonnes of sewage sludge is produced in the UK annually of which about 50% is applied to agricultural land (both arable and grassland). However, only around 1% of all UK agricultural land receives sludge in any given year. Its use as a soil conditioner and fertiliser is attractive economically, while also recycling nutrients and generally improving soil structure. Substantial quantities of sewage and sludges currently disposed of to sea in Europe will require an alternative method of disposal by the end of 1998, due to changes being implemented under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Also, as specified in the Directive COM 911271 on wastewater treatment, the installation of treatment systems for all populations exceeding 2000 inhabitants must be installed before the end of the year 2005. As a result, UK sludge production is predicted to rise by 30-50% over the next decade, thus doubling the demand for land-based disposal options. An increase of -185% in sludge production (about 1 million ton/year) has been estimated recently for the year 2000 in Spain. Sewage sludges are contaminated with a wide range of trace organic contaminants from diverse sources, both natural and anthropogenic. Many organic components measured in sludge are thought to affect the sustainable use of soil as a result of their persistent nature. Current management objectives in Europe for the land disposal of sludge are based on providing for the nutrient requirement of a crop without causing pollution of water courses and without exceeding the soil loading limits for a number of heavy metals. The focus on organic contaminants in sewage sludge creates a difficult management problem as there are no generally accepted soil concentrations limits for organic compounds in sludges. To date, only Germany has established limit concentrations for dioxins and furans and PCBs in sludge used for agricultural purposes, and the European Union is currently studying the issue of limit concentrations for organic compounds in sewage sludge. This paper will provide an overview of soil quality issues in terms of sewage sludge application to agricultural land and its impact on organic contaminant concentrations in soil over time. The value of controlled long-term experiments to our understanding of the fate and potential accumulation of a single group of trace organics, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is evaluated. There is a paucity of reliable field data concerning the long-term degradation of organic chemicals in soil, their ultimate fate in agricultural systems, food-chain biomagnification and possible effects on biota and humans. PCB fate and behaviour has been investigated using two long-term controlled sludge experiments, namely, the Woburn Market Garden Experiment and the Luddington and Lee Valley Experimental sites. Long-term soil collections are able to place sewage sludge inputs to agricultural soils in context with 'background' PCB concentrations in surface soils by analysis of a set of archived soil samples from long term agricultural plots. These samples have been the subject of several studies on long term trends of heavy metals and other trace organic compounds in agroecosystems and their integrity has been well characterised. Analysis agricultural soils. of archived soil and sludge samples from these experiments, along with unsludged control plot soils, has provided a unique field -based insight into the long-term behaviour of individual PCB congeners in both sludge-amended and typical background UK agricultural soils.
机译：英国每年产生超过100万吨的污水污泥，其中约50％用于农业用地（耕地和草地）。但是，在任何一年中，只有约1％的英国农业用地收到污泥。它用作土壤改良剂和肥料在经济上具有吸引力，同时还可以回收养分并通常改善土壤结构。由于根据《城市废水处理指令》进行的变更，到1998年底，欧洲目前大量排入海中的污水和污泥将需要一种替代的处理方法。另外，根据关于废水处理的COM 911271指令的规定，必须在2005年底之前为所有2000名以上居民安装污水处理系统。结果，预计英国污泥的产量将增加30-50在接下来的十年中，这一比例将增加一倍，因此对陆基处置方案的需求将增加一倍。据估计，西班牙2000年的污泥产量增长了-185％（约100万吨/年）。污水污泥被各种自然和人为来源的各种痕量有机污染物污染。由于污泥的持久性，许多污泥中的有机成分被认为会影响土壤的可持续利用。欧洲目前用于污泥土地处置的管理目标是基于提供作物的营养需求而不会造成水质污染，并且不会超过多种重金属的土壤负荷极限。由于对污泥中有机化合物的土壤浓度没有普遍接受的限制，因此对污水污泥中有机污染物的关注造成了一个棘手的管理问题。迄今为止，只有德国确定了用于农业目的的污泥中二恶英，呋喃和多氯联苯的极限浓度，并且欧盟目前正在研究污水污泥中有机化合物的极限浓度问题。本文将就污水污泥应用于农业土地及其随时间推移对土壤中有机污染物浓度的影响提供土壤质量问题的概述。评估了长期对照实验对我们了解单种微量有机物多氯联苯（PCB）的命运和潜在积累的价值。关于土壤中有机化学品的长期降解，其在农业系统中的最终命运，食物链生物放大作用以及对生物群和人类的可能影响，缺乏可靠的现场数据。多氯联苯的命运和行为已通过两个长期受控污泥实验进行了调查，即沃本市场花园实验和卢丁顿和李谷实验场。长期土壤收集能够通过分析长期农业用地中的一组存档土壤样本，将表层土壤中的“背景” PCB浓度与污水污泥输入相关联。这些样品已成为农业生态系统中重金属和其他微量有机化合物长期趋势的多项研究的主题，其完整性已得到很好的表征。分析农业土壤。这些实验中存档的土壤和污泥样品，以及未污泥的对照样地土壤，提供了基于现场的独特见解，可了解污泥改良和典型背景的英国农业土壤中各个PCB同类物的长期行为。

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