Supersonic Aircraft Formation Flying to Increase Flight Efficiency

机译：超音速飞机编队飞行以提高飞行效率

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Flying aircraft in Close Formation Flight (CFF) tornreduce fuel usage, is well appreciated. Results arernavailable for conventional aircraft using idealizedrnapproaches e.g. vortex lattice formulations inrnsubsonic regime with reductions in lift induced Dragrn(Cdi) of 30-50% predicted.rnWith greater importance of Oblique FlyingrnWing aircraft (OFW) and the research programmern(e.g. the supersonic DARPA & USAFrn“SwitchBlade”), a need has arisen to evaluate thernpossible advantages and disadvantages of OFW inrnCFF. Compared with conventional symmetricrnaircraft flying in formation, asymmetric OFWrnpresent different and “handed” geometricrnrelationships. Earlier work, in the transonic regime,rnshowed reductions of more than 35% Cdi for trailingrnOFW in CFF, after redesign to eliminate lift and rollrnincrements. However, there is little background onrnthe Supersonic regime, hence prompting this paper.rnTypical spacing parameters have beenrnconsidered for OFW at 60o sweep. Formationsrnwith single Trail aircraft to the right (Core 1)rnand also to the left (Core 2) of the Lead aircraftrnare assessed. Multi-Formations are alsornconsidered. Lift increments on trail OFW inrnfavourable CFF geometries are trimmed out byrnreducing AoA. Benefits of up to 35% or more inrnCdi reduction occur for the trimmed (1-DoF)rntrail aircraft. An accurate modelling the Leadrnaircraft trailing wakeis needed.rnBrief assessment of Trailing edge flaprndeflections required to trim trail OFW in CFF,rneliminating induced pitch roll and lift is shown.rnThe use of camber design methods to re-designrnthe trail wings to eliminate CFF induced forcesrnand moments has been outlined.rnThe geometry changes for control are ofrncourse immediately applicable to morphingrnwing technology. Several avenues of furtherrnwork and development have arisen.

机译：在近距离编队飞行（CFF）中飞行的飞机可以减少燃料使用，这一点广受赞赏。使用理想化方法的常规飞机无法获得结果。在亚音速状态下的涡流晶格公式，预计升力引起的Dragrn（Cdi）会降低30-50％。rn随着斜飞飞机（OFW）和研究程序员（例如超音速DARPA和USAFrn“ SwitchBlade”）的重要性，出现以评估OFW inrnCFF的可能的优点和缺点。与传统的对称编队飞行相比，非对称飞行器呈现出不同的“递归”几何关系。重新设计以消除升力和侧倾增量后，跨音速状态下的早期工作显示出CFF尾随OFW的Cdi降低量超过35％。然而，关于超音速机制的背景却很少，因此引起了本文的关注。在60o扫描时，已经考虑了OFW的典型间距参数。评估了主战机右侧（核心1）和左侧（核心2）的单尾随飞机编队。还考虑了多种形式。通过降低AoA可以消除在OFF路径不利的CFF几何形状上的提升增量。修剪过的（1-DoF）牵引式飞机的收益最高可降低35％或更多。需要精确建模Leadnaircraft的尾随尾流。rn简要评估CFF中的尾迹OFW所需的后缘襟翼挠度，消除了引起的俯仰侧倾和升力。rn使用曲面设计方法重新设计尾翼以消除CFF引起的力和力矩。已经概述了控制几何形状的变化，当然可以立即应用于变形技术。已经出现了进一步发展和发展的几种途径。

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《New beginnings: challenges for aerospace innovation》|2009年|p.1-16|共16页
会议地点 Manchester(GB)
作者
Dr. R. K. Nangia; Dr. M. E. Palmer; Mr. W. Blake; Dr. C. P. Tilmann;
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Nangia Aero Research Associates, WestPoint, 78-Queens Road, Clifton,BRISTOL, BS8 1QU, UK;

Nangia Aero Research Associates, WestPoint, 78-Queens Road, Clifton,BRISTOL, BS8 1QU, UK;

US-AFRL, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OHIO, USA;

US-AFRL, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OHIO, USA;

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中图分类航空、航天技术的研究与探索;
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1. Estimation of energetic efficiency of heat supply in front of the aircraft at supersonic accelerated flight.Part II. Mathematical model of the trajectoryboost part and computational results [J] . A.F. Latypov Thermophysics and Aeromechanics . 2009,第1期

机译：超音速加速飞行时飞机前部热能供应效率的估算。第二部分。轨迹提升部分的数学模型及计算结果
2. Estimation of energetic efficiency of heat supply in front of the aircraft at supersonic accelerated flight. Part 1. Mathematical models [J] . Latypov AF Thermophysics and Aeromechanics . 2008,第4期

机译：超音速加速飞行时飞机前方的热能供应效率估算。第1部分。数学模型
3. TRAFFIC BUSTER: No longer a flight of fancy, the first Transition Roadable Aircraft - or 'flying car' - has made its inaugural flight [J] . Christopher Hounsfield Traffic technology international . 2009,第JunaJul期

机译：交通克星：不再是幻想的飞行，第一架“过渡性”公路飞行飞机-或“飞行汽车”-首次飞行
4. Supersonic Aircraft Formation Flying to Increase Flight Efficiency [C] . Dr. R. K. Nangia, Dr. M. E. Palmer, Mr. W. Blake, CEAS European air and space conference . 2009

机译：超音速飞机形成飞行增加飞行效率
5. Flying in ground proximity: Thirteen case studies of aircraft flight routes in Canada, 1918--1926. [D] . Drew, Shannon Jean. 2002

机译：地面附近飞行：1918--1926年，加拿大的十三架飞机飞行路线案例研究。
6. Special forms of flight. III: Supersonic transport aircraft. [O] . F J Mills, R M Harding 1983

机译：特殊的飞行形式。三：超音速运输机。
7. Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi) associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily (Philodendron solimoesense) : Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening, when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature (Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss. [O] . Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., Gibernau, Marc 2009

机译：与产热香芋百合（Philodendron solimoesense）授粉生物学相关的动态圣甲虫（Cyclocephala colasi）吸热：Cyclocephala colasi甲虫是兼性吸热体，它们大部分成年生活都在Philodendron solimoesense的花序中，其平均温度（Ta）由于花的生热作用，温度约为28°C。在Ta范围内的呼吸测量表明，活跃的甲虫在Ta低于28°C时会自发吸热，而在Ta高于28°C时很少吸热。在花序中没有吸热的迹象，表明花室中的活动可以在没有高的吸热能量消耗的情况下发生。吸热的爆发主要发生在晚上，当昆虫通常从一个花序飞到另一个花序时，以及在晚上，它们通常在花序中进食并交配时，在呼吸计室的较低Ta处发生。在非飞行甲虫中通过呼吸测定法和红外热成像研究了单个发作中的吸热模式。伴随着胸温（Tth）升高的呼吸振荡波在胸腔中产生热量。固定甲虫可以在约33°C的温度下调节Tth，而与Ta在16至29°C之间的温度无关。在Ta20°C下，这表示其代谢速率比静止的，等温的升高116倍。吸热显然是飞行的要求，离开花序的甲虫在起飞前会升温到约30°C。在飞行过程中，Tth取决于Ta，在Ta从37降至20°C时，Tth分别从37°C降至28°C。可能发生飞行的最低Ta约为20°C。固定的，吸热的甲虫的热导率以较高的代谢率增加，这可能是由于通风热损失增加所致。
8. Drag Reduction from Formation Flight. Flying Aircraft in Bird-Like Formations Could Significantly Increase Range. [R] . Blake, W. 2002

机译：从编队飞行减少阻力。鸟类形状的飞行飞机可以显着增加射程。

Supersonic Aircraft Formation Flying to Increase Flight Efficiency

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