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New opportunities in ultrasonic transducers emerging from innovations inpiezoelectric materials (Invited Paper),

机译：压电陶瓷材料的创新为超声换能器带来了新的机遇（特邀论文），

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Abstract: Piezoelectric materials lie at the heart of ultrasonic transducers. These materials convert electrical energy into mechanical form when generating an interrogating acoustic pulse and convert mechanical energy into an electric signal when detecting its echoes. This paper first surveys the piezoelectric materials in current use: piezoceramics, such as barium titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and modified lead titanate; piezopolymers, such as polyvinylidene difluoride and its copolymer with trifluroethylene; and piezocomposites, consisting of piezoceramic rods in a passive polymer matrix. Each material system has properties which commend them for use in the present single element transducers, annular arrays, sequenced linear arrays, and steered phased arrays. Looking to the future, new transducer possibilities are opening up due to recent piezoelectric material developments, such as, for example, synthesis techniques for fine-grained high-density piezoceramics, electrostrictive relaxor ferroelectric ceramics, novel piezoceramic forming methods, piezoceramic fiber synthesis, piezoceramic/metal multilayer structures, composite acoustoelectric materials, ferroelectric thin film growth and processing, and new piezopolymers. These innovations lead to fabrication of conventional transducers at high frequencies, fine-scale piezocomposites, 1$HLF@-D and 2-D arrays, small intravascular transducers, as well as provide opportunities for new ultrasonic imaging techniques, using pitch-catch and non-resonant traveling wave transducers. !78
机译：摘要：压电材料是超声换能器的核心。这些材料在产生询问声脉冲时将电能转换为机械形式，并在检测回声时将机械能转换为电信号。本文首先对当前使用的压电材料进行了研究：压电陶瓷，如钛酸钡，锆钛酸铅和改性钛酸铅；压电聚合物，例如聚偏二氟乙烯及其与三氟乙烯的共聚物；压电复合材料，由被动聚合物基体中的压电陶瓷棒组成。每种材料系统都具有值得称赞的特性，可用于当前的单元件换能器，环形阵列，顺序线性阵列和受控相控阵。展望未来，由于最近压电材料的发展，新的换能器可能性正在打开，例如，用于细粒高密度压电陶瓷的合成技术，电致伸缩弛豫铁电陶瓷，新型压电陶瓷成型方法，压电陶瓷纤维合成，压电陶瓷/金属多层结构，复合声电材料，铁电薄膜的生长和加工以及新型压电聚合物。这些创新导致可以制造传统的高频换能器，精细尺寸的压电复合材料，1 $ HLF @ -D和2-D阵列，小型血管内换能器，并为使用螺距捕获和非捕获技术的新型超声成像技术提供了机会。共振行波换能器。 ！78

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