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The influence of oxidation on the wear of metals and alloys

机译：氧化对金属和合金磨损的影响

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摘要

Sliding wear can be influenced significantly by heat, either frictional or externally applied, since it can facilitate oxidation of the contacting metal or alloy surfaces. This can result in a decrease in rate, usually associated with a change from metallic debris to oxide debris. The present paper reviews some of the models developed to account for the generation of oxide during sliding and the effects of such oxides on the rates of wear. Emphasis is placed on high speed unidirectional sliding, where frictional heat can lead to surface temperatures that are sufficiently high to result in relatively thick oxides on the contacting surfaces, and low speed reciproacting sliding, where frictional heat is how but externally applied heat can lead to oxidation of the surfaces. Under the former conditions, wear is caused by spallation of oxide from the contacting asperities; this occurs when the oxide attains a critical thickness, leading to mild-oxidational wear. At very high speeds, surface temperatures may be high enough for the oxide to melt, leading to severe-oxidational wear. Under low speed, reciprocating sliding conditions, oxide and oxidized metal debris can be retained and compacted onto the contacting surfaces, giving wear protection. Here, increased temperature facilitates the generation of oxide debris and assists in compaction of the debris to give the wear-protective layers. At low temperatures, such layers consist mainly of loosely-compacted particles; at higher temperatures, typically >250 deg C, smooth `glaze' surfaces develop on top of solidly compacted particle layers, giving even more effective protection against wear damage.
机译：滑动磨损会受到摩擦或外部施加的热量的显着影响，因为它会促进接触的金属或合金表面的氧化。这可能导致速率降低，通常与金属碎片变为氧化物碎片有关。本文概述了一些模型，这些模型是为解决滑动过程中氧化物的产生以及此类氧化物对磨损率的影响而开发的。重点放在高速单向滑动上，在这种情况下，摩擦热会导致表面温度过高，从而在接触表面上产生相对较厚的氧化物；而在慢速往复式滑动上，摩擦热会导致表面温度升高，但外部施加的热量会导致表面的氧化。在以前的条件下，磨损是由接触的粗糙表面上的氧化物剥落引起的；当氧化物达到临界厚度时会发生这种情况，从而导致轻微的氧化磨损。在非常高的速度下，表面温度可能足够高，足以使氧化物熔化，从而导致严重的氧化磨损。在低速，往复的滑动条件下，氧化物和氧化的金属碎片可以保留并压紧在接触表面上，从而提供磨损保护。在此，升高的温度促进了氧化物碎屑的产生并且有助于碎屑的压实以提供耐磨层。在低温下，此类层主要由疏松压实的颗粒组成；在更高的温度下（通常> 250摄氏度），在牢固压实的颗粒层上会形成光滑的“釉”表面，从而提供更有效的抗磨损保护。

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