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Sea surface signature of tropical cyclones using microwave remote sensing

机译：利用微波遥感的热带气旋海面特征

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Measuring the sea surface during tropical cyclones (TC) is challenging due to severe weather conditions that prevent shipboard measurements and clouds which mask the sea surface for visible satellite sensors. However, sea surface emission in the microwave L-band can penetrate rain and clouds and be measured from space. The European Space Agency (ESA) MIRAS L-band radiometer on the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite enables a view of the sea surface from which the effects of tropical cyclones on sea surface emissivity can be measured. The emissivity at these frequencies is a function of sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface roughness, polarization, and angle of emission. If the latter four variables can be estimated, then models of the sea surface emissivity can be used to invert SSS from measured brightness temperature (T_B). Actual measured T_B from space also has affects due to the ionosphere and troposphere, which have to be compensated for, and components due to the galactic and cosmic background radiation those have to be removed. In this research, we study the relationships between retrieved SSS from MIRAS, and SST and precipitation collected by the NASA TMI sensor from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite during Hurricane Isaac, in August 2012. During the slower movement of the storm, just before landfall on the vicinity of the Louisiana Shelf, higher precipitation amounts were associated with lower SSS and slightly increased SST. This increased trend of SST and lower SSS under regions of high precipitation are indicative of inhibited vertical mixing. The SMOS Level 2 SSS were filtered by a stepwise process with removal of high uncertainty in T_B under conditions of strong surface roughness which are known to create noise. The signature of increased SST associated with increasing precipitation was associated with decreased SSS during the storm. Although further research is required, this study shows that there is a T_B signal from the sea surface beneath a tropical cyclone that provides information on roughness and salinity.
机译：由于恶劣的天气条件阻止了舰船测量和遮盖海面的可见卫星传感器的云层，在热带气旋（TC）期间测量海面具有挑战性。但是，微波L波段的海面发射会穿透雨和云，并可以从太空进行测量。通过欧洲水分机构（ESA）的土壤水分和海洋盐度（SMOS）卫星上的MIRAS L波段辐射计，可以查看海面，从中可以测量热带气旋对海面发射率的影响。这些频率下的发射率是海面盐度（SSS），海面温度（SST），海面粗糙度，极化和发射角度的函数。如果可以估计后四个变量，则可以使用海面发射率模型根据测得的亮度温度（T_B）来反演SSS。由于必须补偿的电离层和对流层，以及由于银河和宇宙本底辐射引起的分量必须去除，因此实际从空间测量的T_B也有影响。在这项研究中，我们研究了2012年8月飓风艾萨克期间从MIRAS检索到的SSS和SST与NASA TMI传感器从热带降雨测量任务（TRMM）卫星收集的降水之间的关系。就在路易斯安那架子附近登陆之前，较高的降水量与较低的SSS和略微增加的SST有关。在高降水量区域，SST的增加趋势和较低的SSS指示垂直混合受到抑制。通过逐步处理对SMOS 2级SSS进行滤波，以消除在已知会产生噪声的强表面粗糙度条件下T_B中的高不确定性。 SST增加与降水增加有关的特征与风暴期间SSS减少有关。尽管需要进一步的研究，但这项研究表明，热带气旋下海面存在T_B信号，可提供有关粗糙度和盐度的信息。

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