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Structuring of the Terrorism Problem in the Digital Age: A Systems Perspective

机译：系统时代的数字时代恐怖主义问题的构建

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century. The Kenya Westgate Mall attack and Garrissa University attacks in 2015 and the Libya suicide bombings, did not only claim the lives of many, but also had great political consequences. The advancements, ease of access and availability of information and communication technologies (ICT) is blamed for the increases in terrorist attacks: for instance, the Internet and especially, social media. This is because through the Internet, terrorist organizations such as ISIS have come up with innovative ways to recruit new members, to train and even disseminate ideologies. However, the terrorist opponents (counter-terrorism organizations) also have developed innovative counter-measures using ICT. Therefore, understanding and structuring terrorism in this digital age has enhanced the complexity in addition to multiple stakeholders involved in terrorism related incidences, intertwined causal-relationships, and the uncertainties in the mode of operandi of the terrorists. In this study, theory of synergetics is applied both as a theoretical and methodological approach to try structure the terrorism problem. Secondary data sources such as journal articles on terrorism related incidences and search terms (i.e. terrorism AND technology, terrorism AND Internet), were used by the researchers' to identify and include relevant documents in the study. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the researchers remained with only 405 documents from which using the qualitative software Nvivo, a word cloud was developed to pictorially visualize the terrorism problem. Thereafter, relying on synergetics and using results from the word cloud, the researchers' were able to create a conceptual model. The findings from the analysis of the conceptual model showed that technology plays a critical role in the fight against terrorism as it appears to be part of each of the various components of synergetics, namely, order parameters, system elements, internal and external constraints, control parameters and environment. Thus, it is quite clear that in terrorism structuring in this digital age can be quite challenging.
机译：世纪。 2015年的肯尼亚Westgate Mall袭击和Garrissa University袭击以及利比亚自杀炸弹袭击不仅夺走了许多人​​的生命，而且造成了巨大的政治后果。恐怖袭击的增加归咎于信息通信技术（ICT）的进步，易用性和可用性，例如，互联网，尤其是社交媒体。这是因为通过ISIS等恐怖组织提出了创新的方法来招募新成员，训练甚至传播意识形态。但是，恐怖分子的反对者（反恐组织）也已经开发出利用信息通信技术的创新对策。因此，在这个数字时代理解和组织恐怖主义不仅增加了与恐怖主义相关的事件，相互联系的因果关系以及恐怖分子的运作方式的不确定性相关的多个利益相关者的复杂性。在这项研究中，协同学的理论既被用作理论方法，也被作为方法论方法来尝试构造恐怖主义问题。研究人员使用了二级数据源，例如有关恐怖主义相关事件的期刊文章和搜索词（即恐怖主义与技术，恐怖主义与互联网），以识别并在研究中包括相关文件。按照纳入和排除标准，研究人员只剩下405个文档，使用定性软件Nvivo从中开发了一个词云，以图形方式形象地显示了恐怖主义问题。此后，依靠协同作用并利用词云的结果，研究人员能够创建概念模型。对概念模型的分析结果表明，技术在反恐斗争中起着至关重要的作用，因为它似乎是协同作用各个组成部分的一部分，即命令参数，系统元素，内部和外部约束，控制参数和环境。因此，很明显，在这个数字时代的恐怖主义构造中，挑战可能非常艰巨。

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