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Critical-angle transmission grating technology development for high resolving power soft x-ray spectrometers on Arcus and Lynx

机译:用于Arcus和Lynx的高分辨力软X射线光谱仪的临界角透射光栅技术开发

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Soft x-ray spectroscopy with high resolving power (R = λ/△λ) and large effective area (A) addresses numerous unanswered science questions about the physical laws that lead to the structure of our universe. In the soft x-ray band R > 1000 can currently only be achieved with diffraction grating-based spectroscopy. Critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings combine the advantages of blazed reflection gratings (high efficiency, use of higher diffraction orders) with those of conventional transmission gratings (relaxed alignment tolerances and temperature requirements, transparent at higher energies, low mass), resulting in minimal mission resource requirements, while greatly improving figures of merit. Diffraction efficiency > 33% and R > 10,000 have been demonstrated for CAT gratings. Last year the technology has been certified at Technology Readiness Level 4 based on a probe class mission concept. The Explorer-scale (A > 450 cm~2, R > 2500) grating spectroscopy Arcus mission can be built with today's CAT grating technology and has been selected in the current Explorer round for a Phase A concept study. Its figure of merit for the detection of weak absorption lines will be an order of magnitude larger than current instruments on Chandra and XMM-Newton. Further CAT grating technology development and improvements in the angular resolution of x-ray optics can provide another order of magnitude improvement in performance, as is envisioned for the X-ray Surveyor/Lynx mission concept currently under development for input into the 2020 Decadal Survey. For Arcus we have tested CAT gratings in a spectrometer setup in combination with silicon pore optics (SPO) and obtained resolving power results that exceed Arcus requirements before and after environmental testing of the gratings. We have recently fabricated the largest (32 mm × 32 mm) CAT gratings to date, and plan to increase grating size further. We mounted two of these large gratings to frames and aligned them in the roll direction using a laser-based technique. Simultaneous x-ray illumination of both gratings with an SPO module demonstrated that we can exceed Arcus grating-to-grating alignment requirements without x rays.
机译:具有高分辨力(R =λ/△λ)和大有效面积(A)的软X射线光谱学解决了有关导致宇宙结构的物理定律的许多悬而未决的科学问题。目前,在软X射线波段中,R> 1000只能通过基于衍射光栅的光谱法实现。临界角透射(CAT)光栅结合了闪耀反射光栅的优势(高效率,使用更高的衍射级)与常规透射光栅的优势(松弛的对准公差和温度要求,在较高能量下透明,质量低),从而产生了最小的任务资源需求,同时大大提高了绩效。 CAT光栅的衍射效率> 33%,R> 10,000。去年,基于探测级任务概念,该技术已通过技术准备水平4级认证。探索者规模的(A> 450 cm〜2,R> 2500)光栅光谱Arcus任务可以使用当今的CAT光栅技术来构建,并且已在当前的探索者轮次中被选中进行A期概念研究。它在检测弱吸收线方面的优点将比Chandra和XMM-Newton上的当前仪器大一个数量级。 CAT光栅技术的进一步发展和X射线光学器件的角分辨率的提高可以使性能进一步提高一个数量级,正如目前正在为输入2020十年勘测的X射线测量师/ Lynx任务概念所设想的那样。对于Arcus,我们已在光谱仪中结合硅孔隙光学器件(SPO)对CAT光栅进行了测试,并获得了在光栅环境测试之前和之后超出Arcus要求的分辨能力结果。我们最近制造了迄今为止最大的(32 mm×32 mm)CAT光栅,并计划进一步增加光栅尺寸。我们将这些大型光栅中的两个安装在框架上,并使用基于激光的技术沿滚动方向对齐它们。使用SPO模块对两个光栅同时进行X射线照明表明,如果不使用X射线,我们可以超过Arcus光栅到光栅的对准要求。

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