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Defining urban and rural areas: A new approach

机译：定义城乡：一种新方法

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The separation between the countryside and the city, from rural and urban areas, has been one of the central themes of the literature on urban and territorial studies. The seminal work of Kingsley Davis [10] in the 1950s introduced a wide and fruitful debate which, however, has not yet concluded in a rigorous definition that allows for comparative studies at the national and subnational levels of a scientific nature. In particular, the United Nations (UN) definition of urban and rural population is overly linked to political and administrative factors that make it difficult to use data adequately to understand the human settlement structure of different countries. The present paper seeks to define a more rigorous methodology for the identification of rural and urban areas. For this purpose it uses the night lights supplied by the SNPP satellite, and more specifically by the VIIRS sensor for the determination of the urbanization gradient, and by means of the same construct a more realistic indicator than the statistics provided by the UN. The arrival of electrification to nearly every corner of the planet is certainly the first and most meaningful indicator of artificialization of land. In this sense, this paper proposes a new methodology designed to identify highly impacted (urbanized) landscapes worldwide based on the analysis of satellite imagery of night-time lights. The application of this methodology on a global scale identifies the land highly impacted by light, the urbanization process, and allows an index to be drawn up of Land Impacted by Light per capita (LILpc) as an indicator of the level of urbanization. The methodology used in this paper can be summarized in the following steps: a) a logistic regression between US Urban Areas (UA), as a dependent variable, and night-time light intensity, as an explanatory variable, allows us to establish a nightlight intensity level for the determination of Areas Highly Impacted by Light (AHIL); b) the delimitation of the centers and peripheries is made by setting a threshold of night-time light intensity that allows the inclusion of most of the centers and sub-centers; c) once identified urbanized areas, or AHIL, it is necessary to delimit the rural areas, or Areas Little Impacted by Light (ALIL), which are characterized by low intensity night light; d) finally, rurban landscapes are those with nightlight intensities between ALIL and AHIL. The developed methodology allows comparing the degree of urbanization of the different countries and regions, surpassing the dual approach that has traditionally been used. This paper enables us to identify the different typologies of urbanized areas (villages, cities and metropolitan areas), as well as "rural", "rurban", "periurban" and "central" landscapes. The study identifies 186,134 illuminated contours (urbanized areas). 404 of these contours have more than 1,000,000 inhabitants and can be considered real "metropolitan areas"; on the other hand there are 161,821 contours with less than 5,000 inhabitants, which we identified as "villages". Finally, the paper shows that 40.26% live in rural areas, 15.53% in rurban spaces, 26.04% in suburban areas and only 18.16% in central areas.
机译：城乡之间的城乡分离一直是有关城市和领土研究文献的中心主题之一。 1950年代，金斯利·戴维斯（Kingsley Davis）[10]的开创性工作引发了广泛而富有成果的辩论，然而，该辩论尚未以严格的定义得出结论，该定义允许在国家和国家以下各级进行科学性的比较研究。特别是，联合国（UN）对城市和农村人口的定义与政治和行政因素过度相关，这些因素使得难以充分利用数据来理解不同国家的人类住区结构。本文件旨在定义一种更严格的方法来识别农村和城市地区。为此，它使用由SNPP卫星提供的夜灯，更具体地说是由VIIRS传感器提供的夜灯，用于确定城市化梯度，并通过相同的结构比联合国提供的统计数据更现实的指标。电气化几乎遍及地球的每个角落，无疑是土地人工化的第一个也是最有意义的指标。从这个意义上讲，本文提出了一种新方法，旨在基于对夜间灯光的卫星图像的分析来识别全球受严重影响（城市化）的景观。该方法在全球范围内的应用确定了受光照影响严重的土地，城市化进程，并允许制定人均受光照影响的土地指数（LILpc）作为城市化水平的指标。本文所使用的方法可以归纳为以下步骤：a）作为因变量的美国城市地区（UA）与作为解释变量的夜间光强度之间的逻辑回归使我们能够建立夜灯确定受光影响最大区域的强度等级（AHIL）； b）通过设置夜间光强度的阈值来确定中心和外围的界限，该阈值允许包含大多数中心和子中心； c）一旦确定了城市化区域或AHIL，有必要划定以低强度夜灯为特征的农村区域或受光影响很小的区域（ALIL）； d）最后，城市景观是指ALIL和AHIL之间具有夜光强度的景观。所开发的方法可以比较不同国家和地区的城市化程度，超越了传统上使用的双重方法。本文使我们能够识别城市化地区（村庄，城市和大都市地区）以及“农村”，“城市”，“城市周边”和“中央”景观的不同类型。该研究确定了186,134个照明轮廓（城市化区域）。这些轮廓中有404个拥有超过1,000,000的居民，可以被视为真正的“大都市区”；另一方面，有161,821个等高线，少于5,000个居民，我们将其称为“村庄”。最后，该论文显示，农村地区居住的比例为40.26％，城市空间居住的比例为15.53％，郊区居住的比例为26.04％，中部地区的比例仅为18.16％。

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