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Use of remote sensing in monitoring and forecasting of harmful algal blooms

机译：利用遥感监测和预测有害藻华

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have impacts on coastal economies, public health, and various endangered species. HABs are caused by a variety of organisms, most commonly dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. In the late 1970's, optical remote sensing was found to have a potential for detecting the presence of blooms of Karenia brevis on the US Florida coast. Due to the nearly annual frequency of these blooms and the ability to note them with ocean color imagery, K. brevis blooms have strongly influenced the field of HAB remote sensing. However, with the variability between phytoplankton blooms, heir environment and their relatively narrow range of pigment types, particularly between toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates and diatoms, techniques beyond optical detection are required for detecting and monitoring HABs. While satellite chlorophyll has some value, ecological or environmental characteristics are required to use chlorophyll. For example, identification of new blooms can be an effective means of identifying HABs that are quie intense, also blooms occurring after specific rainfall or wind events can be indicated as HABs. Several HAB species do not bloom in the traditional sense, in that they do not dominate the biomass. In these cases, remote sensing of SST or chlorophyll can be coupled with linkages to seasonal succession, changes in circulation or currents, and wind-induced transport—including upwelling and downwelling, to indicate the potential for a HAB to occur. An effective monitoring and forecasting system for HABs will require the coupling of remote sensing with an environmental and ecological understanding of the organism.
机译：有害藻华（HABs）对沿海经济，公共卫生和各种濒危物种都有影响。 HAB是由多种生物引起的，最常见的是鞭毛藻，硅藻和蓝细菌。在1970年代末期，光学遥感技术被发现有潜力检测美国佛罗里达海岸上短小克雷伯氏菌的开花。由于这些水华几乎每年都会发生一次，并且能够用海洋彩色图像记录下来，因此，短短K. brevis水华强烈影响了HAB遥感领域。但是，由于浮游植物开花，继承环境和它们相对较窄的颜料类型（尤其是有毒和无毒的鞭毛藻和硅藻之间）之间存在差异，因此需要光学检测以外的技术来检测和监测HAB。虽然卫星叶绿素具有一定价值，但使用叶绿素需要生态或环境特征。例如，识别新的花开可能是识别剧烈的HAB的有效方法，也可以将在特定降雨或风事件后发生的花开表示为HAB。几种HAB物种没有以传统意义上的开花，因为它们不控制生物量。在这些情况下，SST或叶绿素的遥感可以与季节性演替，环流或水流变化以及风诱导的运输（包括上升流和下降流）相关联，以表明发生HAB的可能性。一个有效的HAB监测和预报系统将需要将遥感与对生物的环境和生态理解相结合。

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