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Payments for watershed services and the role of experimental catchment studies

机译：流域服务付款和实验性集水区研究的作用

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Forested catchments or watersheds provide a myriad of services of benefit to downstream users, yet in Australia these services often go unrecognised. For example, in eastern New South Wales (NSW) the majority of coastal catchments are used for domestic water supplies, agricultural production and recreational activities. It is no coincidence that the headwaters of these catchments are forested, thereby maximising water quality and naturally regulating the capture and release of precipitation. However, these watershed services are mostly taken for granted, except in cases where there is an infrequent, temporary threat to their provision, e.g. a wildfire or logging operation. Payments for watershed services (PWS) schemes operate to internalise these benefits (externalities) within an economic framework. The schemes involve the implementation of markets whereby buyers (e.g. downstream users) purchase watershed services from providers (e.g. forest managers) if these services are secured or improved. Case studies of successful PWS schemes operating for mutual benefit to forest managers and water users across a mix of public and private forest tenures in the USA are presented. Fundamental to the successful adoption of PWS schemes is the valuation of watershed services and establishment of appropriate units of exchange. It is demonstrated that experimental catchment studies are essential for the quantification and valuation of watershed services from forests and other land uses.
机译：森林集水区或流域为下游用户提供了无数有益的服务，但在澳大利亚，这些服务常常未被认可。例如，在新南威尔士州东部（NSW），大多数沿海流域用于家庭供水，农业生产和娱乐活动。这些流域的源头都被森林覆盖，从而最大限度地提高水质并自然地调节降水的捕获和释放，这绝非偶然。但是，这些分水岭服务大多被认为是理所当然的，除非对它们提供的服务不经常，暂时受到威胁的情况除外。野火或伐木作业。分水岭服务（PWS）计划的付款是在经济框架内将这些收益（外部性）内部化。这些计划涉及市场的实施，如果购买者（例如下游用户）获得或改善了服务提供者（例如森林管理者）的分水岭服务，这些计划便会实施。本文介绍了成功的PWS计划的案例研究，该计划在美国的公共和私有林权混合使用中为森林管理者和用水户互惠互利。成功采用PWS计划的基础是分水岭服​​务的评估和建立适当的交换单位。结果表明，实验性流域研究对于森林和其他土地利用的流域服务的量化和评估至关重要。

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