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QUANTIFYING AND IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION SURVIVABILITY FOLLOWING ORBITAL DEBRIS PENETRATION

机译：轨道碎片穿透后量化和改善国际空间站的可生存性

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The increase of the orbital debris environment in low-earth orbit has prompted NASA to develop analytical tools for quantifying and lowering the likelihood of crew loss following orbital debris penetration of the International Space Station (ISS). NASA uses the Manned Spacecraft and Crew Survivability (MSCSurv) computer program to simulate the events that may cause crew loss following orbital debris penetration of ISS manned modules, including (1) critical cracking (explosive decompression) of the module, (2) critical external equipment penetration (such as hydrazine and high pressure tanks) (3) critical internal system penetration (guidance, control, and other vital components) (4) hazardous payload penetration (furnaces, pressure bottles, and toxic substances) (5) crew injury (from fragments, overpressure, light flash, and temperature rise), (6) hypoxia from loss of cabin pressure, and (7) thrust from module hole causing high angular velocity (occurring only when key Guidance, Navigation, and Control [GN&C] equipment is damaged) and , thus, preventing safe escape vehicle (EV) departure. MSCSurv is also capable of quantifying the "end effects" of orbital debris penetration, such as the likelihood of crew escape, the probability of each module depressurizing, and late loss of station control. By quantifying these effects (and their associated uncertainties), NASA is able to improve the likelihood of crew survivability following orbital debris penetration due to improved crew operations and internal designs.
机译：低地球轨道中轨道碎片环境的增加促使NASA开发了分析工具，用于量化和降低国际空间站（ISS）的轨道碎片穿透后机组人员流失的可能性。 NASA使用载人航天器和机组人员生存能力（MSCSurv）计算机程序来模拟可能导致机组人员因空间碎片侵入ISS载人模块而造成人员流失的事件，包括（1）模块的严重破裂（爆炸性减压），（2）关键外部设备穿透力（例如肼和高压罐）（3）关键内部系统穿透力（指导，控制和其他重要组件）（4）有害有效载荷穿透力（炉子，压力瓶和有毒物质）（5）人员受伤（ （6）机舱压力损失引起的缺氧，以及（7）模块孔产生的推力导致较高的角速度（仅在关键的制导，导航和控制[GN＆C]设备上发生）损坏），从而防止安全逃生车辆（EV）离开。 MSCSurv还能够量化轨道碎片穿透的“最终影响”，例如机组人员逃逸的可能性，每个模块降压的可能性以及站位控制的后期损失。通过量化这些影响（及其相关的不确定性），由于改善了机组人员的操作和内部设计，美国国家航空航天局能够提高其在轨道碎片穿透后机组人员生存能力的可能性。

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