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首页> 外文会议>Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics, Oct 2-6, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil >THE NASA ORBITAL DEBRIS GUIDELINES: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ORBITAL DEBRIS MODELING SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY ON THE USE OF SPACE
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THE NASA ORBITAL DEBRIS GUIDELINES: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ORBITAL DEBRIS MODELING SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY ON THE USE OF SPACE

机译：NASA轨道碎片准则：关于轨道碎片建模的历史视角，支持空间政策的发展

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One of the interesting aspects of the orbital debris problem was that it was first identified as a potential problem based on technical analysis of Kessler and Cour-Palais and, since it was not perceived by the space user community as a serious or imminent problem, it was possible to develop a good technical understanding of the problem before solutions, which would quickly and inevitably transcend technical issues, needed to be proposed. That is, we were given an opportunity to develop a technical understanding of the issues for protecting the space environment before action needed to be proposed to implement that environmental protection. The publication of NASA Safety Standard 1740.14 in 1995 was the culmination of a series of technical developments in the areas of orbital debris environment modeling, orbital debris threat modeling, hypervelocity impact testing, and reentry risk analysis that were used in conjunction a close working relationship with the NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (Code Q) to produce an effective approach to controlling orbital debris. The outcome of this effort was the development of guidelines that were grounded in a technical understanding of issues related to orbital debris, but ones that reflected limitations of that understanding and the necessities of having guidelines that were functional. The objective of this paper is to trace how the requirements for policy affected and were affected by the technical developments. The paper addresses three general topics. First is the development of guidelines directly related to orbital debris - operational debris, intentionally generated debris, postmission disposal, and failure during mission preventing postmission disposal. Over time these guidelines evolved from being quite detailed and based on specific model results, to become more general statements that were more easily interpreted and applied by space program managers. Second, since one of the key orbital debris guidelines was to halt the growth of mass in low Earth orbit, and since deorbit into the atmosphere was one of the likely means to do this, and since this could result in reentry debris surviving to ground impact, an ancillary but very important guideline was included to limit reentry risk. Third, since orbital debris issues were an unfamiliar and not readily accessible topic to most program managers at the time the safety standard was published, the guidelines were supported by a description of the procedure that should be used in accessing the guidelines and supplemented by a set of software (the Debris Assessment Software (DAS)) which provided the needed models in a user-friendly environment.
机译：轨道碎片问题有趣的方面之一是，它首先根据对Kessler和Cour-Palais的技术分析被确定为潜在问题，而且由于空间使用者社区并未将其视为一个严重或迫在眉睫的问题，在提出解决方案之前，有可能对问题有很好的技术理解，而这种解决方案将迅速而不可避免地超越技术问题。也就是说，我们有机会在需要采取行动实施环境保护之前，对保护空间环境的问题有技术上的了解。美国航空航天局（NASA）安全标准1740.14于1995年发布，是轨道碎片环境建模，轨道碎片威胁建模，超高速撞击测试和折返风险分析等一系列技术发展的最高成果，这些技术发展与以下国家密切合作：美国宇航局安全与任务保证办公室（代码Q）提出了一种有效的方法来控制轨道碎片。这项工作的结果是制定了以对与轨道碎片有关的问题的技术理解为基础的准则，但这些准则反映了这种理解的局限性以及制定具有实用性的准则的必要性。本文的目的是追踪政策要求如何受到技术发展的影响以及如何受到技术发展的影响。本文讨论了三个一般主题。首先是制定与轨道碎片直接相关的指导方针-运行碎片，故意产生的碎片，任务后处置以及任务期间的故障阻止任务后处置。随着时间的流逝，这些指导原则已经从非常详细的描述和基于特定模型结果的演变而来，成为更通用的声明，空间计划管理者更容易解释和应用。其次，由于关键的轨道碎片准则之一是制止低地球轨道的质量增长，并且由于进入大气层的去轨道化是实现这一目标的可能手段之一，并且由于这可能导致折返碎片幸存于地面撞击，其中包含了一个辅助但非常重要的指南以限制再入风险。第三，由于在安全标准发布之时，轨道碎片问题是大多数计划管理人员都不熟悉且不易理解的主题，因此，指南中附有对过程的描述的支持，并提供了一套补充说明。软件（碎片评估软件（DAS））可在用户友好的环境中提供所需的模型。

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