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Upgrading Athabasca Tar Sand Using Toe-to-Heel Air Injection

机译：脚趾到脚跟空气喷射升级Athabasca焦油砂

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The unique operation of the THAI process – Toe-to-Heel AirrnInjection, enables very high oil recovery and substantial in-siturnupgrading. Both thermal upgrading (non-catalytic) and alsorncatalytic upgrading, in which a catalyst is emplaced along thernhorizontal producer well, were investigated. 3-D physicalrnmodel experiments were conducted on virgin Athabasca TarrnSand bitumen to investigate dry and wet combustionrnperformance. These results were compared against those fromrna steamflood test, which was also followed by air injection.rnExcellent ignition and very stable combustion propagation wasrnachieved using Athabasca Tar Sand. Thermal upgradingrnachieved nearly 10 API points increase. Additional upgradingrnwas achieved using an in situ catalyst. The main limitation ofrnusing steam is that a very large fraction of the oil remainsrnimmobile. This residual oil can only be ‘unlocked’ by thermalrncracking at high temperature (>500oC), as in THAI. THAI hasrnthe extra advantage that some hydrogen is generated in situ,rnproviding further significant upgrading via hydroconversion.rnThere are also substantial environmental benefits because ofrnthe large reductions in sulphur and heavy metals in thernproduced oil. Furthermore, oil is produced withoutrn‘displacement delay’, immediately ahead of the combustionrnfront. The Oil recovery using THAI was greater than 75%rnOOIP.
机译：THAI工艺的独特操作–脚趾到脚跟空气喷射，可实现很高的采油率和大量的内部转质。既研究了热升级（非催化）升级，又研究了催化升级，其中沿水平生产井井壁放置了催化剂。在原始Athabasca TarrnSand沥青上进行了3-D物理模型实验，以研究干，湿燃烧性能。将这些结果与来自汽水蒸汽试验的结果进行了比较，然后进行了空气注入。使用Athabasca Tar Sand可以实现出色的点火和非常稳定的燃烧传播。热力升级实现了将近10个API积分的增长。使用原位催化剂实现了额外的升级。使用蒸汽的主要局限性在于，很大一部分机油仍然不能移动。与泰国一样，只能通过高温（> 500oC）的热裂解来“释放”这些残余油。 THAI的额外优势是原位产生了一些氢气，通过加氢转化提供了进一步的重大升级。rn由于所产生的石油中硫和重金属的大量减少，因此还具有巨大的环境效益。此外，在燃烧前沿之前就可以生产出没有“排量延迟”的油。使用THAI的采油量大于75％rnOOIP。

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