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Geotechnical Design of Retractable Roof Arch Foundations-Cowboys Stadium

机译：可伸缩屋顶拱形基础-牛仔体育场的岩土设计

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One of the challenging engineering aspects of the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas was design of foundations for the retractable roof arches. The two arches, with a clear span of approximately 393 m (1,290 ft), produce a lateral thrust of approximately 86,740 kN (19,500 kips) at each foundation with the lateral thrust line 32 degrees from horizontal. Design criteria included a maximum allowable deflection of approximately 12 mm (0.5 inches) for the foundations. Adding to the complexity was the varying geologic conditions with dense sand being predominant at one end of the arches and sandy shale being predominant at the other. Initial options considered by the design and construction teams included large mat foundations oriented perpendicular to the line of thrust of the arches, horizontal mat foundations with tie-down anchors, both vertical and battered drilled shaft groups, and battered micropile groups with both tension and compression elements. These options were determined to be problematic due to excessive deflection and/or constructability issues. Subsequently, the geotechnical design team proposed a foundation system consisting of slurry-placed diaphragm walls. This option resulted in a foundation system that is completely in compression without tension elements and provided a much stiffer system that could meet the deflection criteria. Preliminary dimensions of the diaphragm wall foundations were established based upon soil strength data obtained from field and laboratory testing. Final dimensions were confirmed based on instrumented load testing of two full-depth sacrificial diaphragm wall panels installed and tested prior to final design.
机译：德克萨斯州阿灵顿市新牛仔体育场具有挑战性的工程方面之一是可伸缩屋顶拱形地基的设计。这两个拱形的净跨度约为393 m（1,290 ft），在每个基础上产生的横向推力约为86,740 kN（19,500 kips），横向推力线与水平方向成32度。设计标准包括基础的最大允许挠度约为12毫米（0.5英寸）。复杂的是地质条件的变化，拱的一端主要是致密砂，而另一端则主要是砂质页岩。设计和施工团队考虑的初始选择包括：垂直于拱的推力线定向的大型垫层基础，带有系紧锚的水平垫层基础，垂直和受虐钻孔轴组以及受拉和受压的受虐微型桩组元素。由于过度的挠度和/或可施工性问题，这些选项被确定为有问题的。随后，岩土工程设计团队提出了一个由泥浆放置的隔板墙组成的基础系统。这种选择导致基础系统完全处于压缩状态而没有张力元件，并且提供了一个更硬的系统，可以满足挠度标准。隔板墙基础的初步尺寸是根据从现场和实验室测试获得的土壤强度数据确定的。最终尺寸是根据在最终设计之前安装并测试的两块全深度牺牲性隔膜墙面板的仪器负载测试确定的。

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