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首页> 外文会议>AABC tracks 2017: xEV battery technology, application amp; market and chemistry amp; materials for lead-based batteries >High-Throughput Reactor Makes ALD Coatings on Anode and Cathode Powders Commercially Viable Through Economy of Scale
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High-Throughput Reactor Makes ALD Coatings on Anode and Cathode Powders Commercially Viable Through Economy of Scale

机译：高通量反应器使规模经济的阳极和阴极粉末上的ALD涂层在商业上可行

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摘要

It is now widely accepted that both high-end (Gen 3 materials) and low-end (e.g. Gen 1-2 LiCoO2, NCA, NMC, etc.) electrode powders alike can benefit from surface coatings as a means to provide an optimized interfacial transition between the electrode and the electrolyte, independent of type of battery or system. In spite of the significant public and private investment in new battery materials, efforts on those that are under development today still tend to focus on features and attributes of the bulk materials. Significant cost savings can be realized without sacrificing performance by encapsulating today's materials with coatings tailored to improve the electrode-electrolyte interface. The two primary surface coating technologies that have been studied are Co-Precipitation (CP) and Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), with results showing significant favor to ALD coatings, which can be optimized for composition, thickness, and uniformity, have been proven to reduce capacity fade with cycling, improve thermal stability, allow for safe charging to higher voltages, and reduce degradation under high temperature storage. These coatings can also reduce costs by eliminating the need for overbuilding, and be done without affecting capacity or internal resistivity. ALD has found enormous application in the semiconductor industry owing to its conformal sub-nanometer thickness deposition capability, but until recently has been regarded as non-scalable technology for powder materials due to excessive capital cost of processing. Early research on ALD applications for batteries focused on coatings for electrodes with a drive toward roll-to-roll processing. However, through significant effort it has been determined that roll-to-roll processing of battery electrodes via ALD is prohibitively expensive. Particle ALD has been extensively studied as well and shown improved performance of battery materials comparable to electrode-ALD improvements, and in many cases shown even greater performance enhancement. Similar to electrode-ALD coating however, particle-ALD has remained a small scale laboratory-only research tool due to of the inability to scale-up the primary processing technique, which is a vacuum fluidized bed reactor. Even though ALD as a process has been proven to impart significant benefit to batteries materials, the capital cost of commercial scale production has to-date prevented its widespread adoption. To remove the cost barrier of ALD-enabled batteries, Forge Nano has developed a semi-continuous high throughput particle-ALD (HTP-ALD) pilot plant which has demonstrated the capability to meet the needs of commercial demand for battery materials with little increase in at-scale cost per kg of battery materials. over the last 3 years Forge Nano has refined and validated a high throughput ALD coating system capable of ton's/day scale for Li-ion cathode and anode powders that can meet the automotive industry mandate of low add-on cost (at scale). The price point attainable with Forge Nano's high throughput gas-phase processing is significantly less expensive than even the most generous projections for manufacturing liquid-phase co-precipitation techniques ($3-5/kg) or batch-based ALD systems ($7-10/kg). Forge Nano has demonstrated the semi-continuous technology to be capable of producing materials with a high degree of repeatability, a factor not often found with ALD fluidized bed treatments and lab scale systems. With the Forge Nano plant producing high quality materials at commercial scale, the barriers to ALD-enabled batteries have been greatly reduced. This technology has allowed battery manufacturers to eliminate cell overbuilding, and these higher performance materials can be adopted at lower net cost and thereby reduce the cell and pack level $/kWh. 12 V and 48 V Lithium-Ion-Batteries for Micro and Mild Hybrids - Insights into Technological Considerations, Market Opportunities and CO[2].
机译：现已广泛接受的是，高端（第3代材料）和低端（例如第1-2代LiCoO2，NCA，NMC等）电极粉都可以从表面涂层中受益，以提供优化的界面电极和电解质之间的过渡，与电池或系统的类型无关。尽管在公共和私人领域对新型电池材料进行了大量投资，但对当今正在开发的电池材料的努力仍倾向于集中于散装材料的特性和属性。通过采用可改善电极-电解质界面的涂层封装当今的材料，可以在不牺牲性能的情况下节省大量成本。已研究的两种主要表面涂层技术是共沉淀（CP）和原子层沉积（ALD），其结果显示出对ALD涂层的极大青睐，已证明其可以针对成分，厚度和均匀性进行优化。减少容量随循环的衰减，提高热稳定性，允许安全充电至更高的电压，并减少高温存储下的退化。这些涂层还可以通过消除对过度构建的需求来降低成本，并且可以在不影响容量或内部电阻率的情况下完成涂层。由于其保形的亚纳米厚度沉积能力，ALD已在半导体行业中找到了巨大的应用，但是直到最近，由于过高的加工资本成本，ALD被认为是不可缩放的粉末材料技术。电池的ALD应用的早期研究集中于电极涂层，并推动了卷对卷工艺。然而，通过大量的努力，已经确定了经由ALD的电池电极的卷对卷处理非常昂贵。粒子ALD也已被广泛研究，并显示出电池材料的性能可与电极ALD的改进相提并论，并且在许多情况下还表现出更大的性能增强。但是，与电极ALD涂层相似，由于无法扩大主要工艺技术（真空流化床反应器）的规模，粒子ALD仍然是仅用于实验室的小型研究工具。尽管已证明ALD作为一种工艺可以给电池材料带来巨大的好处，但迄今为止，商业规模生产的资本成本仍使其无法广泛采用。为了消除启用ALD的电池的成本障碍，Forge Nano开发了一个半连续的高通量颗粒ALD（HTP-ALD）中试工厂，该工厂证明了能够满足商业上对电池材料的需求的能力，而这种需求很少增加。每公斤电池材料的成本。在过去的3年中，Forge Nano改进并验证了一种高通量ALD涂层系统，该系统能够对锂离子正极和负极粉末进行吨/日规模的生产，能够满足汽车行业低附加成本（按规模）的要求。与最慷慨的制造液相共沉淀技术（3-5美元/千克）或基于批处理的ALD系统（7-10美元/千克）相比，Forge Nano的高通量气相处理所能达到的价格要便宜得多。公斤）。 Forge Nano已证明半连续技术能够生产具有高度可重复性的材料，而ALD流化床处理和实验室规模的系统通常不存在这种因素。随着Forge Nano工厂以商业规模生产高质量的材料，大大降低了启用ALD的电池的壁垒。这项技术使电池制造商可以消除电池过度组装的情况，这些性能更高的材料可以较低的净成本采用，从而降低了电池和电池组的成本/ kWh。微型和轻度混合动力车用12 V和48 V锂离子电池-技术考量，市场机会和CO [2]的见解。

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