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Electromagnetic compatibility in various kinds of substations in Croatian transmission networks and mitigation measures

机译：克罗地亚输电网络中各种变电站的电磁兼容性和缓解措施

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In the last two decades have been studied the conditions of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in different kind of substations in transmission networks of Croatia. Investigations have been done by measuring method using special measuring technique and also by computing simulations. In this paper will be shown conditions of EMC which have been studied by measuring method during normal or fault switching operations of disconnectors and circuit breakers. Conditions of EMC with particular stress on transient voltages in secondary circuits within various kind of transmission network objects have been carefully studied (AIS, GIS, old and new substation design type, rated voltages from 110 kV to 400 kV).rnIn the paper will be given the review of some main data from those investigations made in the long period of time. Then main findings will be given and the differences in EMC conditions will be shown taking into account various parameters such as: design details of substations (distances, cable types, protective measures etc.). Also, it will be given a review of measuring methods and tools (oscilloscopes with low and deep acquisition memory, statistical tools for data processing, etc.). Generally, it was shown that overvoltatges in secondary equipment follows normal or Gaussian statistical distribution from which some typical data have been taken, such as 98% - probability values etc.rnConsequently, different kind of the mitigation measures have been proposed in cases of high overvoltages in secondary circuits. Typically, changes in earthing systems, in cable sheets connections etc. have been proposed to utilities. All proposed measures have been tested by measuring methods too and the effects have been very satisfactory in ensuring EMC conditions within substations. Some most interesting ways in reducing high level of TEVR in GIS substations will be shown in pictures.rnGiven results and effects of mitigation measures in Croatian transmission network substations clearly show that the best method is experimental investigation which usually was followed by some necessary mitigation measures which ensure the conditions of EMC within substations according to international standards and recommendations.
机译：在过去的二十年中，已经研究了克罗地亚传输网络中不同类型的变电站的电磁兼容性（EMC）条件。已经通过使用特殊测量技术的测量方法以及通过计算仿真进行了研究。本文将显示通过测量方法在隔离开关和断路器的正常或故障切换操作期间研究的EMC条件。已经仔细研究了各种传输网络对象内的二次侧瞬态电压特别受EMC影响的条件（AIS，GIS，新旧变电站设计类型，额定电压110 kV至400 kV）.rn从长期的调查中获得了一些主要数据的回顾。然后将给出主要发现，并考虑各种参数，例如，变电站的设计细节（距离，电缆类型，保护措施等），显示出EMC条件的差异。此外，还将对测量方法和工具（具有低和深采集内存的示波器，用于数据处理的统计工具等）进行回顾。通常情况下，表明二次设备中的过电压遵循正态分布或高斯统计分布，并从中获取了一些典型数据，例如98％-概率值等。因此，在高过电压情况下，已提出了不同类型的缓解措施在次级电路中。通常，已经向公用事业提出了对接地系统，电缆板连接等的改变。所有提议的措施也已通过测量方法进行了测试，并且在确保变电站内的EMC条件方面，效果非常令人满意。降低GIS变电站TEVR高水平的一些最有趣的方法将在图片中显示。rn鉴于克罗地亚输电网络变电站的缓解措施的结果和效果清楚地表明，最好的方法是实验研究，通常应采取一些必要的缓解措施，根据国际标准和建议，确保变电站内EMC的条件。

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