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Hard X-ray Optics: from HEFT to NuSTAR

机译：硬X射线光学器件：从HEFT到NuSTAR

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Focusing optics are now poised to dramatically improve the sensitivity and angular resolution at energies above 10 keV to levels that were previously unachievable by the past generation of background limited collimated and coded-aperture instruments. Active balloon programs (HEFT), possible Explorer-class satellites (NuSTAR - currently under Phase A study), and major X-ray observatories (Con-X HXT) using focusing optics will play a major role in future observations of a wide range of objects including young supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, and galaxy clusters. These instruments call for low cost, grazing incidence optics coated with depth-graded multilayer films that can be nested to achieve large collecting areas. Our approach to building such instruments is to mount segmented mirror shells with our novel error-compensating, monolithic assembly and alignment (EMAAL) procedure. This process involves constraining the mirror segments to successive layers of graphite rods that are precisely machined to the required conic-approximation Wolter-Ⅰ geometry. We present results of our continued development of thermally formed glass substrates that have been used to build three HEFT telescopes and are proposed for NuSTAR. We demonstrate how our experience in manufacturing complete HEFT telescopes, as well as our experience developing higher performance prototype optics, will lead to the successful production of telescopes that meet the NuSTAR design goals.
机译：现在，聚焦光学器件已准备好在高于10 keV的能量下，将灵敏度和角分辨率显着提高到以前的背景极限准直和编码孔径仪器无法达到的水平。主动气球计划（HEFT），可能的探索者级卫星（NuSTAR-目前正在A期研究中）和使用聚焦光学系统的主要X射线观测站（Con-X HXT）将在未来的大范围观测中发挥重要作用天体，包括年轻的超新星遗迹，活跃的银河核和星系团。这些仪器要求低成本，掠射入射光学元件镀有深度渐变的多层膜，可以将其嵌套以实现较大的收集面积。我们构建此类仪器的方法是通过新颖的误差补偿，整体组装和对准（EMAAL）程序安装分段镜壳。该过程涉及将镜段限制在石墨棒的连续层上，这些石墨棒被精确加工成所需的圆锥近似Wolter-Ⅰ几何形状。我们介绍了我们不断开发的热成型玻璃基板的结果，这些基板已用于制造三台HEFT望远镜，并已建议用于NuSTAR。我们展示了我们在制造完整的HEFT望远镜方面的经验，以及在开发高性能原型光学系统方面的经验，将如何成功实现满足NuSTAR设计目标的望远镜。

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