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首页> 外文会议>Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of newcastle disease >Thermostable vaccines in the control of Newcastle disease in village chickens: a history
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Thermostable vaccines in the control of Newcastle disease in village chickens: a history

机译：控制乡村鸡新城疫的热稳定疫苗：历史

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Important events that preceded the Southern Africa Newcastle Disease Control Project (SANDCP) project are considered. Severe Newcastle disease (ND) was first described in the accessible scientific literature in the late 1920s.The disease rapidly spread around the world. Milder unremarked forms of the disease may have been present before this, with possible earlier severe episodes in Asia and Africa escaping historical notice. The developing commercial poultry industry at that time was obliged to come to terms with this devastating disease. Flocks of village chickens had no protection from it.rnEarly studies on the causative virus depended on transmission to chickens. In the 1930s, it was shown that the virus could be cultivated in embryonated eggs and that the virus could be easily quantitated by measuring its haemagglutinin. A simple haemagglutination inhibition test detected and titrated anti-viral antibody. These tests are still basic to studies on ND virus.rnVaccines for use in commercial flocks were produced by the standard contemporary approaches for the control of serious veterinary diseases. Crude inactivated vaccines were produced first, then virulent virus was applied together with antiserum. A later refinement was the use of viable attenuated vaccines. These have served the commercial industry well but they have found little use in village chickens. There has been no tradition of vaccination in village flocks. The commercial vaccines have been too expensive and insufficiently robust for rural flocks.rnUnusual, avirulent strains of ND virus have been recognised in Australia since 1966. The first isolate, strain V4, was later developed as a commercial vaccine. When the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was founded, an initial project (in 1984) was to develop a ND vaccine suitable for use in village chickens. The first trials, conducted jointly by the University of Queensland and the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, used variants of strain V4, artificially selected for enhanced heat resistance. Following successful laboratory and field trials, ACIAR supported a regional approach, with confirmatory studies in Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka.rnIn the initial trials, V4 vaccine was presented to chickens on food. This was a concession to the lack of physical control over the chickens at the time. Eye-drop vaccination has proved more effective and is now advocated where husbandry conditions are favourable.rnWhen V4 became a commercial vaccine, a new vaccine strain was required for village use, to avoid legal complications. ACIAR sponsored the development at the University of Queensland of a new vaccine master seed. The result was strain 1-2, another Australian avirulent virus that had properties, including heat resistance, similar to V4. The master seed, controlled by ACIAR and held at the University of Queensland, is available without cost to developing countries.rnTests with the heat-resistant vaccines V4 and 1-2 have been undertaken in many countries in Asia and Africa. Some of the countries have adopted one or other of these vaccines and produced them on a large scale. Vietnam is a particular example where local initiative has seen full exploitation of the vaccine.rnAgencies other than ACIAR have become involved in the projects, supporting vaccine activities in country or training projects at home or in Australia. These agencies include the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the World Bank, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Australian Agency for International Development. Many non-government organisations have been supportive.rnVaccine production and testing was only the foundation for the successful projects. Sustainable vaccination campaigns have required in-country vaccine production, and this depended on appropriate training at international workshops or at the University of Queensland.rnAlso essential to the success of the project has been the development of new extension materials and activities. These have targeted all the stakeholders-the women who are the traditional keepers of village chickens, the people who will do the vaccinations, and all the levels of bureaucracy where pertinent decisions are made. Dr Robyn Alders in Mozambique has initiated and developed much of this material.
机译：考虑了南部非洲新城疫疾病控制项目（SANDCP）项目之前的重要事件。严重的新城疫（ND）在1920年代后期首次在可访问的科学文献中被描述，该病在世界范围内迅速传播。在此之前可能曾出现过较轻度的这种疾病形式，在亚洲和非洲可能出现的较早的严重发作可逃脱历史性的注意。当时发展中的商业家禽业不得不接受这种毁灭性疾病。乡村鸡群对此没有任何保护作用。早期对致病病毒的研究取决于向鸡的传播。在1930年代，已证明该病毒可以在有胚卵中培养，并且可以通过测量其血凝素来轻松定量。一个简单的血凝抑制试验检测并滴定了抗病毒抗体。这些测试仍是研究ND病毒的基础。用于商业鸡群的疫苗是通过当代控制严重兽医疾病的标准方法生产的。首先生产粗制灭活疫苗，然后将强毒病毒与抗血清一起使用。后来的改进是使用减毒活疫苗。这些已经很好地服务于商业行业，但是在乡村鸡中却很少使用。村群没有疫苗接种的传统。商业疫苗太贵了，对农村地区的鸡群来说不够坚固。rn自1966年以来，澳大利亚就已经发现了无毒，无毒的ND病毒株。第一个分离株V4后来被开发为商业疫苗。当澳大利亚国际农业研究中心（ACIAR）成立时，一个最初的项目（1984年）是开发一种适用于乡村鸡的ND疫苗。昆士兰大学和马来西亚大学波斯尼亚大学联合进行的首次试验使用了人为选择的V4菌株变种，以增强耐热性。在成功的实验室和现场试验之后，ACIAR支持了区域性方法，并在印度尼西亚，菲律宾，泰国和斯里兰卡进行了验证性研究。在最初的试验中，将V4疫苗接种到了食用鸡身上。这是对当时缺乏对鸡的身体控制的一种让步。滴眼疫苗已被证明是更有效的疫苗，并且现在在有利于牧业条件的地方提倡滴眼疫苗。rn当V4成为商业疫苗时，为了避免法律上的麻烦，在乡村使用新的疫苗株是必需的。 ACIAR资助了昆士兰大学开发一种新的疫苗主种子。结果是1-2毒株，这是另一种澳大利亚无毒病毒，具有类似于V4的特性，包括耐热性。由ACIAR控制并在昆士兰大学持有的主要种子可供发展中国家免费获得。在亚洲和非洲的许多国家，已对耐热疫苗V4和1-2进行了测试。一些国家已采用其中一种或多种疫苗，并大规模生产。越南是当地倡议充分利用该疫苗的一个具体例子。除ACIAR以外的其他机构也参与了该项目，支持该国的疫苗活动或在国内或澳大利亚开展培训项目。这些机构包括联合国粮食及农业组织，联合国难民事务高级专员公署，世界银行，国际原子能机构和澳大利亚国际开发署。许多非政府组织都提供了支持。疫苗的生产和测试只是成功项目的基础。可持续的疫苗接种运动需要在国内进行疫苗生产，而这需要在国际研讨会或昆士兰大学进行适当的培训。对于项目成功的关键还在于开发新的推广材料和活动。这些行动针对所有利益攸关方，即传统上作为乡村鸡饲养者的妇女，将要进行疫苗接种的人们以及做出相关决定的所有官僚机构。莫桑比克的Robyn Alders博士已经开始并开发了许多此类材料。

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