声明
摘要
Contents Page
1 Introduction
1．1 Definition of Key Terms
2 Literature Review
2．1 Malawi Government Education Poficy Frameworks
2．2 The Classroom
2．3 Positive Psychology Optimism Theory on Teachers
2．4 Teachers’ Sense of Seff Efficacy
2．5 The Rural Situation
2．5．1 Schools in Rural Areas at Risk
2．5．2 Factors affecting Teacher Attitudes in Rural Areas
2．6 Attrition
2．6．1 Teacher Attrition
2．6．2 Context Reasons for Attrition
2．7 Secondary Employment and Absenteeism
2．8 HIV and AIDS
2．9 Socioeconomic Status
2．9．1 The Situation of Teachers in Rural Areas
2．9．2 Management and Administration
2．9．3 Employee Appraisal
2．9．4 Effctive Teaching
2．10 Working Conditions
2．11 Low Professional Status of Teaching
2．12 Primary School Pupil’s Social Economic Status
2．13 Gender and Education in Rural Areas
2．13．1 A case of Female Teachers
2．13．2 Role Modeling
2．13．3 Gender Equity Policies
2．14 The Problem of the Male Teacher
2．14．1 Unprofessional Conduct
3 Research Methodology
3．1 Research Procedure
3．2 Research Participants
3．3 Research Instruments
3．4 Variables
3．5 Data Analysis
4 Results
4．1 Descriptive Statistics
4．2 Life Orientation Test Results：The Test of Class Difference
4．3 Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale Results：The Test of Group Difference
4．4 Responsibility for Students Achievement Test Results：The test of Class Difference
4．5 Correlations among Life Orientation，Responsibility for Student Achievement，Teacher Sense of Efficiency，and Students Evaluation of Teacher
4．6 Regression on Student Evaluation of Teachers’ Effectiveness
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Appendix
Acknowledgement
