声明
Acronyms and Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions of Key Terminologies
1.2. Human Activities Disturbances on Ecosystems
1.3. Impacts of Human Activities on Forest
1.4. Crop-agriculture and Animal Husbandry Disturbances
1.4.1. Crop-agriculture
1.4.2. Effects of Grazing on the Ecosystems
1.5. Coastal zone Ecosystems Disturbances
1.6. Problem Statement and Justification
1.7. Objectives of the Study
1.7.1. The Main Objective of the Study
1.7.2. Specific Objectives
1.7.3. Study Questions
1.7.4. Activities Performed
1.7.5. Expected Outputs
1.8. Significance of the Study
1.9. Dissemination of Research Findings
2.1. Human Activity Disturbances on Ecosystems
2.2. Deforestation in the Coastal Zone of Tanzania
2.3. Human activity disturbances on soil properties
2.3.1. Disturbances and Electrical Conductivity
2.3.2. The Interplays between Soils and Vegetation Structures
2.3.3. Disturbances on Soil Texture and Bulk Density
2.3.4. Disturbances and Soluble Bases
2.3.5. Disturbances and Soluble Bases
2.4. Human Disturbances on Forest Structure
2.5. Canonical Correlation of Vegetation and Soil Properties
2.6. Socioeconomic Activities and Ecosystems Services Values
2.6.1. Changes on Land Coastal Ecosystems
2.6.2. Drivers for Land Cover and Land Uses Change
2.6.3. The LCLU Changes in the Coastal Zone of Tanzania
2.6.4. Threats to Coastal Ecosystems of Tanzania
2.6.5. Ecosystems Services Values
2.6.6. Addressing LCLU and Ecosystems Services Values
2.7. Restoration Interventions of Disturbed Forests
2.7.1. The Role of Restoration Interventions
2.7.2. Interventions for Restoration
2.7.3. Goals of Restorations Interventions
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.1.1. Location
3.1.2. Population and Occupations
3.1.3. Climate
3.1.4. Vegetation
3.2. The Technical Route of the Study
3.3. Land Use Classification
3.4. Sampling Approaches
3.5. Determination of Soil Physical Properties
3.5.1. Determination of Electrical Conductivity (EC)
3.5.2. Determination of Bulk Density and Soil Texture
3.6. Determination of Non Soluble Bases (C, N and P)
3.7. Determination of Soluble Bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na)
3.8. Tree Data Collection
3.8.1. Sampling Procedures
3.8.2. Sampling Design
3.8.4. Sampling Intensity, Size and Shape of Plots
3.8.5. Vegetation Data Analysis
3.8.6. Analysis of Biodiversity Indices
3.9. Canonical Multivariate Data Analysis
3.10. Computing LCLU and ESV
3.10.1. Land Use Classification
3.10.2. Computing the Ecosystem Service Values
3.10.3. Quantifying LCLU Changes
3.10.4. Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values
3.10.5. Human to Ecosystem Services Values
3.10.6. Methods for Collecting Socioeconomic Data
3.10.7. Collection of Restoration Data
3.11. Restoration Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1. Electrical Conductivity, Bulk Density and Soil Texture
4.1.1. Electrical Conductivity across Land Uses
4.1.2. Mean Values of Soil Texture across the Land Uses
4.1.3. The Mean Values of Bulk Density across Land Uses
4.1. 4. Electrical Conductivity versus Soil Texture
4.1. 5. Electrical Conductivity and Bd across Land Uses
4.1. 6. Mean Difference of EC and CEC within Land Use
4.1. 7. Correlation of EC and CEC across Land Uses
4.1.8. Electrical Conductivity versus Elevation
4.1.9. Elevation versus Soil Texture across Land Uses
4.1.10. Elevation and Bulk Density
4.2. Status of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
4.2.1. Variation of Total Nitrogen across Land Uses
4.2.2. Variation of Total Carbon across Land Uses
4.2.3. Variation of Available Phosphorus across Land Uses
4.2.4. Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio across Land Uses
4.2. 5. Variation of TN, TC and P against Elevation
4.2.6. Correlation (R2) of TN, TC and P within Land Uses
4.2.7. Correlation of TN, TC and P across Land Use
4.3. Soluble Bases Values
4.3.1. Calcium Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS
4.3.2. Magnesium Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS
4.3.3. Potassium Variations across CFS, ADS and DGS
4.3.4. Sodium Variation in CFS, ADS and DGS
4.3.5. The CEC Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS
4.3.6. Base Saturation Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS
4.3.7. Correlations of Soluble Bases between Land Uses
4.3.8. Correlation of Soluble Bases with Elevation Levels
4.4. Analysis of Tree Species
4.4.1. Species Density
4.4.2. Diameters of Tree across Land Uses
4.4.3. Basal Area of Trees across Land Uses
4.4.5. Volume of Trees Sub-Categories across Land Uses
4.4.6. Shannon-Wiener Index
4.4.7. The Simpson’s Index across Land Uses
4.4.8. Shannon Equitability
4.4.9. Important Value Index across Land Uses
4.5. Tree Stand Parameters and Soil Properties
4.5.1. Tree Stand Parameters and Soil Physical Properties
4.5.2. Tree Stand Parameters and Soil Chemical Properties
4.6. Diversity Indices and Soil Properties
4.6.1. Diversity Indices and Soil Physical Properties
4.6.2. Diversity Indices and Soil Chemical Properties
4.7. Land Cover and Land Use, and ESV Dynamics
4.7.1. The LCLU Area across 2000, 2010 and 2016
4.7.2. Gain or Loss of LCLU across 2000, 2010 and 2016
4.7.3. Changes of Ecosystem Service Values
4.7.4. Human to Ecosystem Service Values
4.7.5. Interviewed Population
4.7.6. Factors Causing LCLU Change Community Awareness
4.8. Restoration Interventions on the Disturbed Sites
4.8.1. Households Size and Ages Groups for Restoration data
4.8.2. Trees per Households per Residential Duration
4.8.3. Activities for Restoration of Disturbed Sites
4.8.4. Strategies for Controlling Forest Disturbances
4.8.5. Drivers for Planting and Retaining of Trees
4.8.6. Factors Influencing Tree Planting Practices
4.8.7. Factors Influencing the Retention of Trees
4.8.9. Correlation Restoration Trees and Influencing Factors
8.9.10. Restoration and Forest Trend in the Coastal Forests
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1. Comparisons of Soil Physical Properties across Disturbed and Non-disturbed
5.1.1. Variation of EC across Land Uses
5.1.2. Correlation of EC within and across Land Uses
5.1.3. Electrical Conductivity and Soil Texture
5.1.4. Electrical Conductivity and Elevation
5.1.5. Bulk Density Variation across Land Uses
5.2. Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus across Intact Uses
5.2.1. Variation of Total Nitrogen across Land Uses
5.2.2. Variation of Total Carbon across Land Uses
5.2.3. Variation of Phosphorus across Land Uses
5.2.4. Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio across Land Uses
5.2.5. The Variation of TN, TC and P across Land Uses
5.2.6. Correlation of TN, TC and P across Land Uses
5.3. Soluble Bases across Disturbed and Intact Forests Sites
5.3.1. Variations of Soluble Bases across Land Uses
5.3.2. Correlation of Soluble Bases across Land Uses
5.3.4. Soluble Bases, CEC and BS vs. Elevation Levels
5.3.5. Soluble Bases CEC, BS and UFR Sustainability
5.4. Structure of Natural Forests in the Coastal Areas of Tanzania
5.4.1. Species Density across Land Uses
5.4.2. Species Diameter across Land Uses
5.4.3. Tree Basal Areas across Land Uses
5.4.5. Species Volume across Land Uses
5.4.6. Species Diversity across Land Uses
5.4.7. Important Values Index across Land Uses
5.5. Canonical Correlation between Vegetation and Soil Properties
5.5.1. Correlation between Stand and Soil Properties
5.5.2. Correlation between Diversity and Soil Properties
5.6. Socioeconomic Activities and ESV in Tanzania
5.6.1. Farming Activities and Changes in Shrub Land
5.6.2. Farming and Impacts on Wetlands and Waterbodies
5.6.3. Population and Commercial Activities Dynamics
5.6.4. Urbanization and LCLU Change
5.6.5. Grazing Land Use Change
5.6.6. Wetland Change
5.6.7. Forestland Change
5.6.8. Changes on H-ESV
5.6.9. Community Awareness on LCLU Changes
5.7. Restoration Interventions of the Disturbed Sites
5.7.1. Methods for Restoration of Disturbed Sites
5.7.2. Factors Affecting Restoration
5.7.3. Suggestions to Improve Restoration Mechanisms
CHAPTER SIX:THESIS CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Overview of Findings and Future Directions
6.1.1. Soil Chemical and Physical Properties in the coastal areas
6.1.2. Forest Structure under the Disturbed Coastal Forests Areas
6.1.3. Correlation between Vegetation and Soil Properties
6.1.4. Socioeconomic Activities and Ecosystems Services
6.1.5. Restoration Interventions of the Disturbed Coastal Areas
6.2. Conclusions
6.3. Study Limitations and Areas for Further Studies
6.3.2.Areas for Further Studies
参考文献
致谢
Published Papers during Study Program
1.1. International Peer Reviewed Journals
1.2.Submitted Papers
Other Academic Achievements during the Program
Annex 1: Households Questionnaire
Annex 2: Check List for Key Informants and FGD
Annex 3: Field Photo
福建农林大学;
