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利用需求响应策略实现辅助频率响应并提高电力系统的效率

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目录

声明

Abstract

Table of contents

Table of Figures

Chapter 1:Introduction

1.2 Research contents and objectives

1.3 Organization of Thesis

Chapter 2:System Frequency Control

2.1 Introduction to literature review

2.2 Impact of intermittent renewable energy sources to Power system

2.3 Demand Response strategies to implement ancillary frequency response

2.4 Introduction to HVAC Load control

2.4.1 Air-Side HVAC systems

2.4.2 PID control

2.4.3 Model predictive control

2.4.4 Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control

2.5 Low-Order System Frequency Response Model

Chapter 3:Power System Frequency Response model and HVAC load control designs

3.1 Power System Frequency Response Model with dynamic system parameters

3.2 The HVAC aggregate model and its control

3.3 Mathematical Formulation of Demand side response model

3.4 Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control design for HVAC Systems

3.4.1 Sizing of Water valve

3.4.2 Sizing of steam valve

3.4.3 Modelling of Air Handling Unit

3.4.4 Fuzzy Rule Matrix Adaptation Algorithm

3.5 Case study of the Power System Frequency Response model with A-FLC HVAC loads

3.5.1 Contribution of HVAC loads to Frequency Response

3.5.2 Methodology for Evaluating System Operation

3.5.3 Introduction of DR loads into System scheduling and Evaluation the Benefits of DR

Chapter 4:Result analysis of case study and discussion

4.1 Simulation results of Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control model for HVAC system

4.2 Simulated scenarios for the Great Britain System

4.3 Economic Benefits of DR in the system

Chapter 5:Conclusions and the scope of future work

5.1 Conclusion

5.1 Scope of Future work

Acknowledgement

References

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摘要

The world faces an energy problem.Oil supply is gradually running out.Therefore,power systems undergo fundamental changes due to the integration of large volumes of wind and other intermittent renewable energy sources.In addition,renewable generation is variable and difficult to predict and cannot provide services needed to balance demand and supply in real time.That is why the requirements for real-time ancillary services such as frequency control,efficiency of system operation,and the ability to absorb intermittent renewable output are increasing.To satisfy these requirements it is more convenient to use demand response strategies instead of regulation conventional generation.
  Renewable energy sources bring more variability and uncertainty to power systems.This has potential impacts on power system reliability and efficiency.These impacts can in principle be either positive or negative;however,large amount of renewable power usually turn even positive impacts to negative at some stage of penetration level with regards to the cost of integration and will increase the demand for flexibility of the ancillary services associated with system balancing.
  Especially,wind power production introduces additional variability and uncertainty into the operation of the power system.To meet this challenge,there will be need for more flexibility in the power system.How much extra flexibility is required depends on the one how much wind power is embedded in the system and on the other hand on how flexibility already exists in the power system.
  The demand response(DR)concept implies the regulation of energy consuming through intelligent and more efficient control strategies for energy users both residential and commercial.That concept includes usage of smart control of thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)through HVAC(Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning),EWH(Electric water Heaters)etc.and real time electricity pricing environment for loads.These DR strategies can provide frequency response during the peak loads of power system with intermittent renewable sources expelling conventional regulation of generation and hence increase the energy efficiency of power system.Also smart control strategies of electrical energy consumption in commercial and residential fields by HVAC,EWH and other DR strategies can lower the energy consumption and shift the consuming load during peak hours through delaying and shaving loads.That can be great improvement for efficient work of modem power systems facing integration of renewable energy sources.
  The work done in this thesis named

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