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Introduction to the Legacy Forest Small Streams Study: Runoff patterns and related biochemistry in the western portion of the Boreal Shield.

机译：旧版森林小溪研究导论：北方盾构西部的径流模式和相关生物化学。

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摘要

The Forest Watershed and Riparian Disturbance (FORWARD) Project is an ongoing study initiated on the western Boreal Plain (northwestern Alberta) in 2001 to incorporate hydrologic processes into industrial forest management. Data collection and modelling focused on streamflow during the growing season (01 May to 31 October) in eight recently disturbed (>50% by total area) and six reference first- to fourth-order watersheds. In 2003, the Legacy Forest Small Streams (LFSS) study was launched in the western Boreal Shield (northwestern Ontario) to extend the geographical scope of the FORWARD Project. The objectives of my study were to provide a comparable baseline data set on stream flow dynamics for the modelling process within industrial forest management and in the context of a comparative study of storm driven patterns. Long-term intention is to apply controlled disturbance (ie. forest harvest) to a subset of the study watersheds. My study focused on five first- to third-order designated reference streams characterized between the 01 April to 31 October 2004 period. Mean total runoff in the small streams in the western Boreal Shield were >3 times higher than similarly sized reference watersheds in the western Boreal Plain (P0.01). Long-term data from federally monitored rivers (Environment Canada 2006b) indicate that the timing and magnitude of peak flows differ between the Boreal Shield and Boreal Plain. During the long-term (25 yr) 01 April to 31 October period, an average of 30% of the runoff from Boreal Shield reference watersheds (Whitefish and Current rivers) occurred during snowmelt in April, compared to 16% in the Boreal Plain watershed (Sakwatamau River). Long-term mean total runoff (25 year) for the same period was twice as high in reference watersheds on the Boreal Shield (overall average 258 +/- 4 mm; mean +/- standard error) than the reference watershed on the Boreal Plain (129 +/- 10 mm). During the 01 April to 31 October 2004 period, an average of 65% of the runoff from LFSS watersheds occurred during snowmelt in April, compared to only 21% in FORWARD study streams on the Boreal Plain. Precipitation patterns were estimated to account for 30% of the disparity in snowmelt volume between the two study areas; the remainder was attributed to physiographic features that promote retention of the snowpack and limit infiltration. It is projected that forest disturbances (e.g. harvest) in LFSS watersheds will enhance sublimation of the snowpack, cause earlier snowmelt in cleared areas and reduce interaction of snowmelt water with soils. The focus on these western Boreal Shield streams will be primarily on response variables related to snowpack in contrast to runoff during the growing season.; A pilot project (Appendix A) was initiated to provide introductory baseline data on the presence and abundance of aquatic macro invertebrates and to determine rates of leaf pack (alder) decomposition prior to watershed disturbance. Leaf litter breakdown and associated invertebrate communities are sensitive to and ecologically-relevant measurements of land use impacts on stream ecological integrity (Gessner and Chauvet 2002). In four streams in the western Boreal Shield study, leaf pack loss was 3-fold higher and there was an indication that macroinvertebrate densities were higher in June compared to September deployment. One of the four streams, East Dog, had the fewest Plecoptera and Trichoptera among all four streams and the water had the highest color in June (306 and 356 TCU) and September (254 and 267 TCU) in both 2004 and 2005, respectively. Water in East Dog also had the tendency to have the lowest pH (min. 5.5) in both 2004 and 2005 while the other three streams had a minimum ranging from 5.9 to 6.0. Seasonal deployment (June vs. Sept.) and water quality characteristics (e.g. color, pH) likely influence leaf pack colonization by macroinvertebrates.; Key Words: boreal forest, watershed disturbance, runoff, forest harves
机译：森林流域和河岸扰动（FORWARD）项目是一项正在进行的研究，于2001年在西部的北方平原（艾伯塔省西北部）启动，旨在将水文过程纳入工业森林管理。数据收集和建模的重点是在生长季节（5月1日至10月31日）中的八个最近受扰动（占总面积的50％以上）和六个参考一阶至四阶流域的水流。 2003年，在西北Boreal Shield（安大略省西北部）启动了Legacy Forest Small Streams（LFSS）研究，以扩展FORWARD项目的地理范围。我研究的目的是为工业森林管理中的建模过程以及在风暴驱动型式的比较研究的背景下提供可比较的基准线数据集。长期意图是将受控干扰（即森林砍伐）应用于部分研究流域。我的研究集中在2004年4月1日至10月31日期间的五个一阶至三阶指定参考流上。北方盾构西部的小溪中的平均总径流量比北方平原西部类似规模的参考流域高3倍以上（P <0.01）。来自联邦监测的河流的长期数据（加拿大环境部，2006b）表明，北盾和北平原之间的峰值流量的时间和大小不同。在4月1日至10月31日的长期（25年）期间，平均而言，北方盾构参考流域（怀特菲什河和Current河流）径流的30％发生在4月的融雪中，而北方平原流域的径流为16％ （Sakwatamau河）。同期，长期平均总径流量（25年）是北方盾构基准流域（总体平均258 +/- 4 mm；平均+/-标准误差）的两倍，是北方平原基准流域的两倍（129 +/- 10毫米）。在2004年4月1日至10月31日期间，LFSS流域的平均径流中有65％发生在4月的融雪中，而在北部平原的FORWARD研究流中只有21％。据估计，降水模式占两个研究区域之间融雪量差异的30％以下；其余部分归因于有助于保留积雪并限制渗透的地貌特征。预计LFSS流域中的森林干扰（例如收割）将增强积雪的升华，在空旷地区引起较早融雪，并减少融雪水与土壤的相互作用。与生长季节的径流相反，这些西部的北盾构河溪流将主要集中在与积雪有关的响应变量上。启动了一个试点项目（附录A），以提供有关水生大型无脊椎动物的存在和丰度的入门基准数据，并确定流域扰动之前叶丛（al木）分解的速率。凋落物分解和相关的无脊椎动物群落对土地利用对河流生态完整性的影响敏感且与生态相关（Gessner and Chauvet 2002）。在西部的“ Boreal Shield”研究中的四个溪流中，叶片堆积损失增加了3倍，并且有迹象表明6月的大型无脊椎动物密度高于9月的部署。四个溪流之一，东狗，在所有四个溪流中，鞘翅目和毛鳞翅目最少，分别在2004年和2005年的6月（306和356 TCU）和9月（254和267 TCU）中水色最高。东狗的水在2004年和2005年也有最低pH值（最低5.5）的趋势，而其他三股水的最低pH值在5.9到6.0之间。季节性部署（6月vs. 9月）和水质特征（例如颜色，pH）可能会影响大型无脊椎动物的叶群定殖。关键词：北方森林，流域干扰，径流，森林收割

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