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A study of agricultural intensification: Ancient Maya agricultural terracing in the Xunantunich hinterland, Belize, Central America.

机译：农业集约化研究：中美洲伯利兹Xunantunich腹地的古代玛雅农业梯田。

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摘要

Through time all around the world the ability to increase agricultural production underlies the development of complex societies. Increase in agricultural production is accomplished by expending more labor or capital, or a combination of the two, through time per unit of agricultural land. This process, known as agricultural intensification, is an important subject of study for anthropologists. Investigation of agricultural intensification involves the study of agricultural features, practices, and strategies, as well as population history and environment. This dissertation focuses on agricultural intensification through a study of Classic period (A.D. 300-890) lowland Maya agricultural terracing in the Xunantunich hinterland, Belize, Central America. Data from archaeological survey, mapping, and excavation permit descriptions of terracing spatial extent, physical form, and soils. These data also permit inferences of terrace chronology and a reconstruction of the history of hinterland population densities. Based on these descriptions and inferences, I evaluate two agricultural intensification models. The first model identifies cultivation lengthening, of which terracing is a primary component, as the specific means by which agricultural intensification occurred. Agricultural intensification was necessitated by rising population densities and accompanying food demand. The second model conceptualizes agricultural activity associated with terracing as being conditioned by the distance from house to field variable.;The data support the inference of a Late Classic period (A.D. 600-780) date for the majority of Xunantunich hinterland agricultural terracing, although some terracing may have begun during the Early Classic period (A.D. 300-600). The spatial layout and physical characteristics of Xunantunich hinterland terraces are similar to terraces studied elsewhere in the Maya lowlands. The inferred Classic Period (A.D. 300-890) population density history of the Xunantunich hinterland coupled with terrace soil analyses support the cultivation lengthening model of agricultural intensification. Artifact patterning preliminarily supports the inference that distance from house to field was an important variable regarding agricultural activities in terraced areas.
机译：随着时间的流逝，世界范围内增加农业生产的能力成为复杂社会发展的基础。通过每单位农业用地的时间花费更多的劳动力或资本或两者的结合来实现农业生产的增长。这一过程被称为农业集约化，是人类学家研究的重要课题。农业集约化调查涉及对农业特征，实践和策略以及人口历史和环境的研究。本论文通过对中美洲伯利兹Xunantunich腹地的经典时期（公元300-890年）低地玛雅农业梯田的研究，重点研究了农业集约化。来自考古调查，制图和发掘的数据允许描述地形空间范围，物理形式和土壤。这些数据还可以推断梯田年代，并可以重建腹地人口密度的历史。基于这些描述和推论，我评估了两种农业集约化模型。第一个模型将耕种延长（其中梯田是主要组成部分）确定为发生农业集约化的具体手段。人口密度的上升和随之而来的粮食需求使农业集约化成为必要。第二种模型将与梯田相关的农业活动概念化为房屋到田间变量的距离。;数据支持大多数南南内陆腹地农业梯田的经典后期（AD 600-780）日期的推断。古典时期（公元300-600年）可能已经开始建造梯田。 Xunantunich腹地阶地的空间布局和物理特征与玛雅低地其他地方研究的阶地相似。推算的南南前腹腹地经典时期（公元300-890年）人口密度历史，加上阶地土壤分析，支持了农业集约化的种植延长模型。工件图案初步支持以下推断：从房屋到田间的距离是有关梯田农业活动的重要变量。

著录项

  • 作者

    Neff, L. Theodore.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Pennsylvania.;

  • 授予单位 University of Pennsylvania.;
  • 学科 Anthropology Archaeology.;Agriculture Food Science and Technology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 529 p.
  • 总页数 529
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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