Real wages and wage inequality in China, 1860--1936.

机译：1860--1936年，中国的实际工资和工资不平等。

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What happens to real wages and wage inequality when a country opens to trade and begins to industrialize? China in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provides an excellent case to explore this issue. However, studies on real wages and standards of living for China are scanty. This dissertation compiles the first systematic evidence on long-run patterns in real wages and living costs.;In this dissertation I first construct a set of cost of living indices for different income groups in China over the period from 1867 to 1936. I collect price data from the trade statistics published by the China Maritime Customs service (hereafter "CMC") and use the CMC's family budget surveys to estimate the consumption weights of sample commodities.;I then construct nominal wage series from the CMC's employment records for nearly fifty Chinese cities during that period. With these new nominal wage series and cost of living indices, I estimate the long-run trends in real wages and in the ratios of wages for skilled to unskilled workers and for highly skilled to unskilled workers.;I find that skill premia rose rapidly during the first three decades of industrialization. After the 1920s, the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor began to decline, while the gap between highly skilled and unskilled labor continued to rise.;I find evidence suggesting that technological advances initially increased the demand for skilled and highly skilled labor, driving up the skill premium. The reversal of the skill premium is possibly driven by two factors. First, the trade boom in China during the early twentieth century benefited unskilled workers relative to skilled. Second, educational progress increased the supply of skilled workers, thereby reducing the skilled wage.

机译：一个国家开放贸易并开始工业化时，实际工资和工资不平等会怎样？ 19世纪末和20世纪初的中国为探讨这一问题提供了一个很好的案例。但是，关于中国的实际工资和生活水平的研究很少。本文就有关实际工资和生活成本的长期格局，提供了第一批系统证据。本文首先针对1867年至1936年间中国不同收入阶层的生活成本指数建立了一套指标。来自中国海事海关总署（以下简称“ CMC”）发布的贸易统计数据，并使用CMC的家庭预算调查来估计样本商品的消费权重。；然后，我从CMC的就业记录中为近五十名中国人构建名义工资序列那个时期的城市。通过这些新的名义工资序列和生活成本指数，我估计了实际工资的长期趋势以及熟练工人与非熟练工人以及高技能工人与非熟练工人的工资比率。工业化的前三十年。在1920年代以后，熟练工人与非熟练工人之间的工资差距开始缩小，而高技能与非熟练工人之间的工资差距继续上升。;我发现有证据表明技术的发展最初使对熟练和高技能工人的需求增加，从而推动技能溢价。技能溢价的逆转可能由两个因素驱动。首先，二十世纪初中国的贸易繁荣使非技术工人相对于技术工人受益。第二，教育进步增加了熟练工人的供给，从而降低了熟练工人的工资。

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作者
Yan, Se.;
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作者单位

University of California, Los Angeles.;

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授予单位 University of California, Los Angeles.;
学科 Economics General.;Economics History.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 2008
页码 132 p.
总页数 132
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类经济学;世界各国经济概况、经济史、经济地理;
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机译：在本文中，我们分析了DsGE新凯恩斯主义模型，该模型具有明显的劳动力，其中企业可能属于两个不同的最终产品生产部门，其中工资和就业是在竞争性劳动力市场中确定的，而工资和就业是由工资和就业导致的。工会和公司之间的合同过程。企业和垄断联盟之间的讨价还价意味着模型中的实际工资刚性，反过来，产出稳定和通货膨胀稳定之间的内生权衡。我们表明，生产率冲击对通货膨胀的负面影响以及成本推动冲击的积极影响，主要取决于属于竞争部门的企业比例。这个数字越大，这些效果越小。我们得出一个基于福利的目标函数作为经济代理人的预期效用的二阶泰勒近似，我们分析最优货币政策。我们表明，属于竞争性行业的企业数量越大，名义利率对外生生产率和成本推动冲击的反应就越小。但是，如果我们考虑利率必须对通胀预期作出反应的工具规则，则该规则不受劳动力市场结构的影响。该模型的结果与宏观经济学中众所周知的经验规律一致，即就业波动率大于实际工资波动率。

Real wages and wage inequality in China, 1860--1936.

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