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Three essays on demand for organic milk in the U.S., environment and economic growth in Japan, and life expectancy at birth and socio-economic factors in Japan.

机译：关于美国对有机牛奶的需求，日本的环境和经济增长以及日本的出生时预期寿命和社会经济因素的三篇论文。

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摘要

This dissertation consists of three separate empirical essays on: 1) Censored demand system estimation and analysis for U.S. organic milk; 2) A multilevel modeling approach to examine the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis using SO2 and NOx concentration data in Japan; and 3) A study on life expectancy at birth in Japan between 1955 and 2005 using a dynamic panel data approach. The abstract of each essay is described below.;[Essay One] Organic dairy sales have been growing rapidly in the past decade. Within the organic dairy category, organic milk has had the largest share of sales. Against the backdrop of such a rapid growth, the first essay empirically examines consumer behavior toward organic milk in 2004 and 2005 by using consumer purchase data collected by ACNielsen. Two empirical problems caused by the data (missing price information for non-purchasing households, and extreme censoring) are overcome in this study. As for missing price data, I systematically match consumers by the stores at which they shop, and transfer price data from a purchasing household to a non-purchasing household. The second empirical problem (censoring) is addressed by using a censored demand system. The zero expenditure shares are accounted for by estimating a translog demand system with a Quasi-Maximum Likelihood method. The compensated own-price elasticities show that organic milk is more sensitive than non-organic milk to own-price changes. Cross-price elasticities indicate that organic milk purchases increase when non-organic milk price rises. Yet, the reverse is not true. With respect to the impacts of demographic factors, household income does not significantly affect organic milk purchases. Actually, lower income households are estimated to have larger expenditure shares on organic milk than higher income households. Households with a female head and non-white households have less expenditure shares on organic milk compared to their counterparts.;[Essay Two] The hypothesis of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) has been studied and examined theoretically and empirically by many researchers since the 1990s. Fewer studies have looked at an EKC relationship within a country, and to my knowledge, no studies have looked at the impacts of different political units on environmental pressures in one country. Therefore, the purpose of the second essay is to investigate the empirical relationship between environmental pressure and income in Japan by looking at municipal level SO 2 and NOx concentration data and income data at both the prefecture and national levels using a multilevel modeling approach. By incorporating municipal and prefecturespecific effects into the model (the random intercept model), I find an inverted U-shaped (EKC) relationship at the prefecture level only for SO2 concentrations. However, after allowing the slope of prefectural income to vary among prefectures (the random coefficient model), I find no evidence for an EKC. Similarly, with respect to NOx, I find an EKC at prefecture level when I adopt the random intercept model for both the whole dataset and non-roadside station data. Yet the random coefficient models do not show an EKC relationship for both datasets. The roadside station data do not show significant associations between prefecture income per capita and NOx concentrations in any models. As for the relationship between national GDP per capita and NOx concentration, the roadside station data show upward sloping curves while the non-roadside station data show downward sloping curves.;[Essay Three] Japanese life expectancy at birth has increased dramatically, particularly since the end of the Second World War, and is now one of the highest levels in the world. Backed by such a rapid growth, the third essay empirically examines the major determinants of Japanese longevity using prefecture-level data at five-year intervals on life expectancy at birth for males and females, and health and socio-economic factors between 1955 and 2005. This study uses a dynamic panel data model, which allows us to take into account the dynamic nature of adjustment and also to control for serial correlation, which can otherwise cause inconsistency in the estimates. More specifically, I use both the Arellano and Bond estimator and the system GMM estimator. As far as I am aware, this paper is the first to employ a dynamic panel data model in this field. The results show that income is positively related to life expectancy at birth for males and females from 1955 to 1980, but the association between these two variables disappears for the period from 1980 to 2005. The percentage of the population living in rural areas adversely affects life expectancy for males in the period between 1955 and 1980, while it positively affects life expectancy for females in the latter period (1980 to 2005). College education is positively related to life expectancy for both males and females only during the higher life expectancy period (1980 to 2005), but has no effect during the lower life expectancy period (1955 to 1980).
机译：本论文由以下三个独立的经验论文组成：1）美国有机牛奶的经审查的需求系统估计和分析； 2）使用日本SO2和NOx浓度数据检查环境库兹涅茨曲线假说的多层次建模方法； 3）使用动态面板数据方法对1955年至2005年日本出生时的预期寿命进行的研究。每篇论文的摘要如下所述。[论文一]在过去的十年中，有机乳制品的销售一直在迅速增长。在有机乳制品类别中，有机牛奶的销售额份额最大。在如此快速增长的背景下，第一篇论文通过使用ACNielsen收集的消费者购买数据，从经验上考察了2004年和2005年消费者对有机牛奶的行为。在这项研究中，克服了由数据引起的两个经验问题（非购买家庭缺少价格信息和极端审查）。至于缺失的价格数据，我系统地根据消费者在其购物的商店来匹配消费者，并将价格数据从购买家庭转移到非购买家庭。第二个经验问题（审查）是通过使用审查的需求系统解决的。零支出份额是通过使用拟最大似然法估计超需求需求系统来解决的。补偿后的自身价格弹性表明，有机牛奶比非有机牛奶对自身价格变化更为敏感。交叉价格弹性表明，当非有机牛奶价格上涨时，有机牛奶的购买量也会增加。然而，事实并非如此。关于人口因素的影响，家庭收入不会显着影响有机牛奶的购买。实际上，据估计，低收入家庭比高收入家庭拥有更多的有机牛奶支出份额。户主为女性的家庭和非白人家庭与有机家庭相比，有机牛奶的支出份额要少。； [论文二]自从研究以来，许多研究人员从理论和经验上研究和研究了环境库兹涅茨曲线的假设。 1990年代。很少有研究关注一国内部的EKC关系，据我所知，没有研究关注不同政治部门对一个国家环境压力的影响。因此，第二篇文章的目的是通过多级建模方法，通过研究市级SO 2和NOx浓度数据以及县和国家级收入数据，来研究日本环境压力与收入之间的经验关系。通过将市政和县特定效应纳入模型（随机拦截模型）中，我发现仅针对SO2浓度在县一级存在倒U形（EKC）关系。但是，在允许县收入的斜率在各县之间变化之后（随机系数模型），我发现没有证据表明存在EKC。同样，对于NOx，当我对整个数据集和非路边站点数据都采用随机拦截模型时，我会发现一个县级EKC。然而，随机系数模型并未显示两个数据集的EKC关系。在任何模型中，路边监测站的数据都没有显示县人均收入与NOx浓度之间的显着关联。至于国家人均GDP与NOx浓度之间的关系，路边监测站的数据显示出向上倾斜的曲线，而非路边监测站的数据显示出向下倾斜的曲线。[论文三]日本出生时的预期寿命显着增加，特别是因为第二次世界大战结束，现在已是世界上最高的级别之一。在如此迅速的增长的支持下，第三篇论文使用县级数据对日本寿命的主要决定因素进行了研究，这些数据以五年为间隔，关于男性和女性的出生时预期寿命以及1955年至2005年之间的健康和社会经济因素。本研究使用动态面板数据模型，该模型可让我们考虑调整的动态性质，并控制序列相关性，否则可能会导致估计结果不一致。更具体地说，我同时使用Arellano和Bond估计器以及系统GMM估计器。据我所知，本文是第一篇在该领域采用动态面板数据模型的论文。结果表明，收入与1955年至1980年男女出生时的预期寿命呈正相关，但是这两个变量之间的联系在1980年至2005年期间消失了。农村地区的人口百分比对生活产生不利影响1955年至1980年期间男性的期望值，但会在后期（1980年至2005年）对女性的预期寿命产生积极影响。大学教育仅在较高的预期寿命期间（1980年至2005年）与男性和女性的预期寿命成正相关，而在较低的预期寿命期间（1955年至1980年）则没有影响。

著录项

  • 作者

    Chikasada, Mitsuko.;

  • 作者单位

    The Pennsylvania State University.;

  • 授予单位 The Pennsylvania State University.;
  • 学科 Economics Agricultural.;Sociology Demography.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 182 p.
  • 总页数 182
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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