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首页> 外文学位 >Field evaluation of winterkill in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.).
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Field evaluation of winterkill in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.).

机译：一年生禾本科（Poa annua L.）和creep本草（Agrostis stolonifera L.）的冬杀的田间评估。

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摘要

Winterkill, in putting greens and fairways of annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), is a common phenomenon in North-Central Region of United States and in other temperate areas. Extensive research in controlled environments has evaluated injury mechanisms in creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. A large number of studies have evaluated winter injury in other turfgrass species and in cereal grasses. Most agree that damages can be explained by factors such as intracellular and extracellular ice formation, cellular dehydration and hydration, plant desiccation, macro scale tissue and organ rupture, diseases, anoxia, cellular acidosis, oxidative stress and retarded growth. Despite the vast amount of information generated during several decades of research, winterkill in creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass is a problem that still leaves golf course superintendent with many unanswered questions.;It is proposed that, to minimize winterkill, it is necessary to understand the high complexity of the system at field level and not only in controlled environments.;The purpose of this research was to quantify the relative injury on putting greens as it relates to snow cover, ice formation, desiccation, crown hydration, and freeze/thaw cycles. Our approach was to evaluate the relative amount of injury that is associated with various scenarios of winter, instead of focusing solely on the mechanisms that cause the injury. Also, it is of interest to determine not only what condition causes the most winter injury, but when during the season does damage occur and if it is worth the expense or effort to try and minimize the injury by taking action.;This study was conducted at the Iowa State University (ISU) Horticulture Research Center and at ISU Veenker Memorial golf course, both in Ames Iowa. The species evaluated were creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L). Ten possible winter scenarios; dry/open, wet, ice continuous, snow continuous, impermeable artificial cover and ice continuous, ice removal, ice/melt freeze, snow removal/melt freeze, an artificial permeable turf cover, and artificial permeable turf cover with snow, were created on two Iowa putting greens in January, February and March of 2003, 2004, and 2005. Dry weight yield produced by samples collected in the field and grown on controlled chambers was used to indicate the amount of winter injury. Hourly temperatures were registered through the length of the study. Growing degree days (GDD) and stress degree days (SDD) were calculated with temperature data.;Creeping bentgrass was not killed under any treatment. Continuous ice cover of 66 days caused creeping bentgrass bleaching but never resulted in any turf kill or decline in creeping bentgrass cover. Annual bluegrass was susceptible to winter injury when exposed to ice encasement. Damages by ice formation occurred during the first 15 days after encasement. The formation and type of ice is more important than the duration of ice cover in predicting annual bluegrass winter injury when ice is present. In both species, the treatments that offered a better visual quality at the end of the winter period were those that had a better protection such as impermeable-ice, permeable-snow, and snow treatments. However, the visual results did not necessarily mirror on those results of biomass production.;In regard to temperatures and insulation characteristics of winter practices, greens without any protective layer suffer almost twice the amount of stress degrees that snow covered plots. As accumulative units, SDD 0°C had larger mean separation than any of the temperature variables; as such it was a better descriptor of intensity or risk of damage than temperatures alone. In the north central region of the United States, the use of artificial covers combined with snow blankets provided the best insulation and therefore the best condition for turf survival and early spring turf quality.;Keywords. winterkill, annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, ice, temperature, stress degree days.
机译：在美国北部中部地区和其他温带地区，一年生禾本科草（Poa annua L.）和bent草（Agrostis stolonifera L.）的果岭和球道上的温特基尔（Winterkill）现象很普遍。在受控环境中的广泛研究已经评估了蠕动草和一年生蓝草的伤害机制。大量研究评估了其他草皮草和谷物草中的冬季伤害。多数人认为，损害可以用诸如细胞内和细胞外冰形成，细胞脱水和水合作用，植物干燥，大型组织和器官破裂，疾病，缺氧，细胞酸中毒，氧化应激和生长迟缓等因素来解释。尽管在几十年的研究中获得了大量信息，但蠕动草和一年生蓝草的冬杀仍然是一个问题，仍然使高尔夫球场负责人面临许多未解决的问题。建议减少冬杀的可能性有必要了解该系统不仅在受控环境下在现场级别上具有很高的系统复杂性；这项研究的目的是量化果岭与降雪，结冰，干燥，冠冠水化和冻融循环有关的相对伤害。 。我们的方法是评估与冬季各种情况相关的伤害的相对数量，而不是仅仅关注导致伤害的机制。同样，不仅要确定造成冬季伤害最多的条件，而且还要确定在季节中何时发生损坏以及是否值得花费或努力通过采取行动使伤害最小化的花费或努力。在爱荷华州立大学（ISU）园艺研究中心和ISU Veenker Memorial高尔夫球场都在爱荷华州艾姆斯市。评估的物种是ing草（Agrostis stolonifera L）和一年生蓝草（Poa annua L）。十种可能的冬季场景；在上面创建了干/开，湿，连续冰，连续雪，不透水人工覆盖层和连续冰，除冰，冰/融雪冻结，除雪/融雪冻结，人造透水草皮覆盖层和人造透雪草皮覆盖层分别在2003年，2004年和2005年1月，2月和3月，两个爱荷华州果岭。通过田间收集的样品在控制室中生长产生的干重产量用于指示冬季受伤的数量。在整个研究过程中记录小时温度。利用温度数据计算生长天数（GDD）和胁迫天数（SDD）。连续66天的覆冰会导致蔓生的草丛漂白，但不会导致草皮杀死或蔓生的草丛覆盖率下降。一年生禾本科在暴露于冰块时很容易受到冬季伤害。装箱后的前15天内，由于结冰而造成了损坏。在预测存在冰的年度蓝草冬季受伤时，冰的形成和类型比冰覆盖的持续时间更为重要。在这两个物种中，在冬季结束时提供更好视觉质量的处理方法是具有更好保护的处理方法，例如不透冰，透雪和降雪处理。但是，视觉结果并不一定能反映出生物质生产的结果。关于冬季做法的温度和隔热特性，没有保护层的果岭承受的压力程度几乎是积雪地的两倍。作为累积单位，SDD 0°C具有比任何温度变量都大的平均分离度。因此，与单独的温度相比，它更能说明强度或损坏的风险。在美国北部中部地区，人工覆盖物与雪毯的结合使用可提供最佳隔热效果，因此为草坪生存和早期春季草坪质量提供了最佳条件。冬杀，一年生禾草，bent草，冰，温度，压力程度天。

著录项

  • 作者

    Valverde, Federico J.;

  • 作者单位

    Iowa State University.;

  • 授予单位 Iowa State University.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Horticulture.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2007
  • 页码 97 p.
  • 总页数 97
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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