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>Applications of calcareous nannofossils and stable isotopes to Cenozoic paleoceanography: Examples from the eastern equatorial Pacific, western equatorial Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans.
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Applications of calcareous nannofossils and stable isotopes to Cenozoic paleoceanography: Examples from the eastern equatorial Pacific, western equatorial Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans.
This dissertation is a collection of five calcareous nannofossil and one stable isotope studies on materials from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 183 (Site 1135), 206 (Site 1256), and 207 (Site 1259) that target two important paleoceanographic events: (1) the middle/late Miocene carbonate crash, and (2) the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM).; Site 1256 nannofossil biostratigraphy in Chapter 1 refined the author's shore-based shipboard Quaternary-middle-Miocene nannofossil biostratigraphy with 16 zones/combined zones recognized based on 28 nannofossil datums. This chapter provides a chronologic framework for the age calibration of the first occurrence (7.18 Ma) and last occurrence (6.32 Ma) of Reticulofenestra rotaria, calculation of linear sedimentation rates, age determination of basalt basement (∼14.5 Ma), and the recognition of the "carbonate crash" paleoceanographic event at the middle/late Miocene boundary. Reworked nannofossils and lithologic changes also allow a reading of a three-episode redepositional history (4.7, 8.3, and 10.7 Ma, respectively) in the eastern Pacific.; The detailed examination of the Site 1256 material also yielded well-preserved Discoaster stellulus, for which only the distal view had been depicted in the original description. In Chapter 2, a redescription and re-illustration of both sides of this asterolith is provided. This should prevent misidentification of specimens in proximal view, thereby raising its potential application for middle-late Miocene biostratigraphy.; Based on the above age model, in Chapter 3 stable oxygen and carbon isotopes were used for the first time to explore the late/middle Miocene "carbonate crash". This carbonate transition is a widespread (eastern and central equatorial Pacific, Indian, South Atlantic, and the Caribbean), sharp decrease in carbonate mass-accumulation rates, which has previously been considered only a dissolution event. The positive correlation (R2 = 0.75) between delta13C and CaCO3 mass accumulation rates during 5-14 Ma at ODP Site 1256 clearly demonstrates that carbonate accumulation is mainly biologically controlled. The coincidence of the carbonate crash with negative excursions in delta13C and delta18 O values suggests a causative mechanism related to surfacewater productivity, as a result of surface-water warming and reduced upwelling. Based on these observations, one could speculate that the major middle/late Miocene sea-level drop may have caused the complete closure of the Indonesian Seaway, resulting in a piling-up of surface warm water in the west Pacific. The eastward spread of this nutrient-poor water then would have warmed sea-surface temperatures and reduced upwelling in the central and eastern Pacific, thereby creating a prolonged "El Nino" scenario and reducing biological productivity of phytoplankton. The reduction in carbonate supply to the deep waters consequently caused a rapid shoaling of the carbonate compensation depth, thereby triggering the carbonate crash.; The PETM was a catastrophic, rapid greenhouse-forced global warming event ∼55 m.y. ago that triggered an abrupt turnover in ocean chemistry and circulation as well as biota. Chapter 4 represents a quantitative study of the response of nannoplankton to the PETM at Demerara Rise, equatorial Atlantic (Site 1259). Toweius, Fasciculithus, and Chiasmolithus sharply decrease at the onset of the PETM, whereas Chiasmolithus, Markalius cf. M. apertus, and Neochiasmolithus thrive immediately after the event, which also signals the successive first appearances of Discoaster araneus, Rhomboaster, and Tribrachiatus. Two main environmental factors were extracted by correspondence analysis of relative abundance data. The time series of the two factors shows that during the PETM, (1) environmental stress (most likely from changes in seawater pH) increased and may well have also induced the evolution of ephemeral nannofossil "excursion taxa"; and (2) surface-water produc
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