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首页> 外文学位 >Applications of remote sensing, GIS, and groundwater flow modeling in evaluating groundwater resources: Two case studies; East Nile Delta, Egypt and Gold Valley, California, USA.
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Applications of remote sensing, GIS, and groundwater flow modeling in evaluating groundwater resources: Two case studies; East Nile Delta, Egypt and Gold Valley, California, USA.

机译：遥感，GIS和地下水流模型在评估地下水资源中的应用：两个案例研究；埃及东尼罗河三角洲和美国加利福尼亚州的金谷。

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Quaternary aquifer, East Nile Delta, Egypt. Due to the progressive increase in the development of desert land in Egypt, the demand for efficient water resources management and accurate land cover change information is increasing. In this study, we introduce a methodology to map and monitor land cover change patterns related to agricultural development and urban expansion in the desert fringes of the Eastern Nile Delta region. Using a hybrid classification approach, we employ multitemporal Landsat TM/ETM+ images from 1984, 1990, and 2003 to produce three land cover/land use maps. Post-classification comparison of these maps was used to obtain "from-to" statistics and change detection maps. The change detection results show that agricultural development increased 14% through the study period. Land reclamation during 1990-2003 exceeded that during 1984-1990 by a factor of two, reflecting a systematic national plan for desert reclamation that went into effect. We find that the increase in urbanization (by ∼21,300 hectares) during 1990-2003 was predominantly due to encroachment into traditionally cultivated land at the fringes of urban centers. Our results accurately quantify the land cover changes and delineate their spatial patterns, demonstrating the utility of Landsat data in analyzing landscape dynamics over time. Such information is critical for making efficient and sustainable policies for resource management.; A three dimensional GIS-based groundwater flow model was developed to delineate a safe future framework for groundwater development in the Quaternary aquifer north Ismaelia Canal, East Nile Delta where a progressive rise in head associated with agricultural development is reported. The calibrated transient model was used to predict the future head distribution after 20 years assuming the same landuse. Results of this run showed that the groundwater head continued to increase with maximum increase up to 2.0 m in the unconfined part of the aquifer which jeopardizes a considerable area of the agricultural land with soil salinity and water logging. Therefore, three strategies, each with three scenarios, extending between 2004 and 2024 were designed to involve different pumping stress and infiltration rates from irrigation return to control the rising water level and estimate the production potential of the aquifer during drought.; Gold Valley, Death Valley, California, USA. This study evaluates the hydrogeology of Gold Valley as a typical example of intermountain basins of Death Valley area and develops a GIS-based model that reasonably estimates the precipitation infiltration rates from altitude and slope data of the catchment area. Water balance calculations of the hydrological parameters in Gold Valley, provided by Inyo County, California, indicated that the majority of recharge takes place at high altitude (>1100 m) during winter with a negligible effect of evaporation on the stable isotopic composition of groundwater. Furthermore, water balance calculations in Gold Valley were utilized in identifying the coefficients of a GIS-based model that subsequently was refined to the best fit with the calculations of the water budget. A resistivity survey conducted in Gold Valley showed that groundwater is collected in upstream compartmentalized reservoirs and suggests that groundwater flow mostly takes place through the fracture zone of the bedrock. This pattern explains the relationship between precipitational infiltration in the Gold Valley catchment area and the attachment spring flow in Willow Creek.; The estimated water budget in Gold Valley and the geoelectric profiles provided from this study can be investigated into the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow model (DVRGWF). In addition, the GIS-based model can be efficiently applied in other intermountain basins in Death Valley or other areas of arid environment of the Western U.S. to estimate the local precipitational infiltration. Accurate estimates of flux, wel
机译：第四纪含水层，东尼罗河三角洲，埃及。由于埃及沙漠土地的发展逐步增加，对有效的水资源管理和准确的土地覆盖变化信息的需求正在增加。在这项研究中，我们介绍了一种方法来绘制和监测与尼罗河三角洲东部沙漠边缘的农业发展和城市扩张有关的土地覆盖变化模式。使用混合分类方法，我们使用了1984年，1990年和2003年的多时相Landsat TM / ETM +图像制作了三幅土地覆盖/土地利用图。这些图的分类后比较用于获得“从-到”统计信息和变更检测图。变化检测结果表明，在整个研究期间，农业发展增长了14％。 1990-2003年期间的土地开垦量比1984-1990年期间的土地开垦量增加了两倍，这反映了已生效的一项系统的国家荒漠开垦计划。我们发现，在1990年至2003年期间，城市化的增长（增加了约21,300公顷）主要是由于对城市中心边缘传统耕地的侵占。我们的结果准确量化了土地覆盖变化并描绘了其空间格局，证明了Landsat数据在分析随时间变化的景观动态中的实用性。这些信息对于制定有效和可持续的资源管理政策至关重要。开发了一个基于GIS的三维三维地下水流模型，以描绘一个安全的未来框架，该框架用于东尼罗河三角洲北部伊斯梅利亚运河的第四纪含水层中，据报道与农业发展有关的水头逐渐增加。在假设相同土地利用的情况下，使用经过校准的瞬态模型来预测20年后的未来水头分布。这次运行的结果表明，在含水层的无限制部分，地下水头持续增加，最大增加到2.0 m，这使相当大面积的农田受到土壤盐分和涝渍的危害。因此，设计了在2004年至2024年之间扩展的三种策略，每种策略具有三种情况，以涉及不同的抽水压力和灌溉返回的入渗率，以控制上升的水位并估算干旱期间含水层的生产潜力。金谷，死亡谷，加利福尼亚，美国。这项研究评估了作为死亡谷地区山间盆地典型实例的金谷水文地质学，并开发了一个基于GIS的模型，该模型可以根据集水区的海拔和坡度数据合理地估算降水入渗率。由加利福尼亚州因约县提供的金谷水文参数的水平衡计算结果表明，大部分补给发生在冬季的高海拔（> 1100 m），而蒸发对地下水稳定同位素组成的影响可忽略不计。此外，利用金谷的水平衡计算来确定基于GIS的模型的系数，该模型随后根据水预算的计算进行了优化。在金谷进行的电阻率调查显示，地下水被收集在上游的分区储层中，这表明地下水大部分流经基岩的断裂带。这种模式解释了金谷集水区的降雨入渗与柳溪的附着泉水流动之间的关系。可以将金谷的估计水预算和本研究提供的地电剖面调查到死亡谷区域地下水流量模型（DVRGWF）中。此外，基于GIS的模型可以有效地应用于死亡谷或美国西部干旱环境的其他地区的其他山间盆地，以估算局部降水入渗。准确估计通量，wel

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