• 主题
高级搜索  >
历史搜索 清空历史
首页> 外文学位 >An integrated framework for analysis of water supply strategies in a developing city: Chennai, India.
【24h】

An integrated framework for analysis of water supply strategies in a developing city: Chennai, India.

机译：用于分析发展中国家城市供水策略的综合框架：印度钦奈。

获取原文
获取原文并翻译 | 示例
页面导航
  • 摘要
  • 著录项
  • 相似文献
  • 相关主题

摘要

This dissertation addresses the challenge of supplying water to rapidly growing cities in South Asia, using evidence from the water-scarce city of Chennai. Chennai (formerly Madras) is a rapidly growing metropolis of over 6.5 million people, whose infrastructure has not kept pace with its growing demand for water. In the year 2003-2004, Chennai experienced a severe water crisis: the piped supply for the entire city was virtually shut down for a 12-month period. Consumers became dependent on private tanker suppliers trucking in untreated groundwater from peri-urban areas.;This research effort accomplished three goals: understanding the dynamics of the recent water crisis, extending the model to project the business-as-usual trajectory of Chennai's water supply and understanding how the trajectory may be altered by various policies. The study departs from previous research studies in several respects: Firstly, this study explicitly incorporates self-supply via private wells, and private-supply via the tanker market as an integral part of the urban water system. Secondly, the research integrates bio-physical and socio-economic behavior at multiple scales: user-scale supply and demand, utility-scale management, and basin-scale water availability and allocation. Finally, the study allows policy-makers to evaluate and compare a wide-range of policy options on an apples-to-apples basis, something that cannot be done with existing frameworks.;An integrative theoretical framework and model were developed to address the research goals. The integrated model was calibrated for the historical period 2002-2006 against extensive physical and socioeconomic data: groundwater heads, reservoir levels, household survey data in dry and wet years, tanker surveys, and operational statistics collected from the water utility. The calibration run of the model suggests that the 2003-2004 water crisis was precipitated by rational responses of the utility and Chennai consumers to limited reservoir capacity, unreliable inter-state water transfers, and limited capacity of the local aquifer. The research also explored scenarios of what the city's water supply may look like in 2025, using reasonable projections of population, land use and income growth. The historical rainfall record was used to generate scenarios of future rainfall. The 2025 model simulation provides two key insights. Firstly, a future drought is likely to at least as severe as the historical one. Increases in water use due to rising populations and incomes more than compensate for any reductions in peri-urban agricultural water extractions caused by to expanding urbanization. Second, a "dual-quality" approach to urban water supply may address Chennai's water problems. The dual-quality solution involves relying on centralized high-quality (and cost) supply for drinking, cooking and dishwashing while using lower quality (and cost) self-supplied groundwater for other non-potable needs.;The research indicates that several factors contribute to making the dual-quality solution optimal. In the absence of reliable inter-state deliveries and a local perennial source, the long-run marginal cost of utility supply in Chennai is desalination, a very expensive option. Furthermore, a vast majority of consumers already have private wells; so consumers only consider the pumping costs of extracting groundwater from their wells; the capital costs are sunk costs. So, if in order to achieve full-cost recovery, the utility raises its tariffs above the cost of groundwater extraction from wells, rational consumers would switch out of using utility supply except for uses that necessitate high-quality piped water. The model results indicate this outcome will enhance social welfare if some of the revenues generated by higher tariffs are reinvested in rainwater harvesting and recharge management. Importantly, decreasing demand for utility supply within Chennai will "free" up water for supply to the rapidly-growing, underserved suburbs. Thus, the dual-quality solution can result in a system that is more efficient, equitable, sustainable and reliable overall.;Many other cities in the developing world, particularly in South Asia, exhibit characteristics similar to Chennai: high growth, limited access to new water resources, high marginal cost of new supplies, widespread dependence on private wells and consumer willingness to manage multiple qualities of water in the household. This suggests that the insights and solutions developed in Chennai may be extended to other places.
机译：本文利用缺水城市钦奈的证据，解决了向南亚快速发展的城市供水的挑战。钦奈（原名马德拉斯）是一个快速发展的大都市，人口超过650万人，其基础设施无法满足其对水的不断增长的需求。在2003年至2004年期间，钦奈经历了严重的水危机：整个城市的管道供应实际上已经关闭了12个月。消费者变得越来越依赖私人油轮供应商从城市周边地区运输未经处理的地下水。这项研究工作实现了三个目标：了解最近的水危机的动态，将模型扩展为预测金奈供水的一切照常轨迹并了解各种政策可能如何改变轨迹。该研究在几个方面与先前的研究有所不同：首先，该研究明确地将通过私人井的自给自足和通过油轮市场的自给自足纳入城市供水系统的组成部分。其次，该研究在多个尺度上整合了生物物理和社会经济行为：用户尺度的供需，公用事业尺度的管理以及流域尺度的水的可获得性和分配。最后，这项研究使政策制定者能够在苹果对苹果的基础上评估和比较各种政策选择，而这是现有框架无法做到的。;开发了一个综合的理论框架和模型来解决该研究问题目标。针对广泛的物理和社会经济数据，针对2002-2006年的历史时期对集成模型进行了校准：地下水位，水库水位，干旱和潮湿年份的家庭调查数据，油轮调查以及从供水公司收集的运营统计数据。该模型的校准运行表明，公用事业公司和金奈用户对有限的水库容量，不可靠的州际调水和有限的当地蓄水层容量做出了合理的反应，从而引发了2003-2004年的水危机。该研究还使用合理的人口，土地利用和收入增长预测，探索了2025年城市供水状况的情景。历史降雨记录用于生成未来降雨的情景。 2025年模型仿真提供了两个关键见解。首先，未来的干旱可能至少与历史干旱一样严重。由于人口和收入增加而引起的用水量增加，足以弥补由于城市化进程扩大而造成的郊区农业取水量的减少。第二，对城市供水采取“双重质量”方法可以解决钦奈的水问题。双重质量解决方案涉及依靠集中的高质量（和成本）供应来进行饮用，烹饪和洗碗，同时使用较低质量（和成本）的自给自足的地下水来满足其他非饮用水的需求。使双质量解决方案最佳化。在缺乏可靠的州际交付和当地多年生资源的情况下，金奈市公用事业供应的长期边际成本是海水淡化，这是一种非常昂贵的选择。此外，绝大多数消费者已经拥有私人水井。因此，消费者仅考虑从井中抽取地下水的抽水成本；资本成本是沉没成本。因此，如果为了实现全部成本回收，公用事业公司将其电价提高到从井中抽取地下水的成本之上，那么理性的消费者将转而使用公用事业供应，除非需要使用高质量自来水的用途。模型结果表明，如果将较高关税所产生的部分收入重新投资于雨水收集和补给管理，则这种结果将提高社会福利。重要的是，钦奈地区公用事业需求的减少将“释放”水，以供迅速增长，服务不足的郊区使用。因此，双重质量的解决方案可以使系统整体上更加高效，公平，可持续和可靠。发展中国家的许多其他城市，特别是南亚的许多城市，都表现出与金奈类似的特征：高增长，有限的获取新的水资源，新供应的高边际成本，对私人水井的广泛依赖以及消费者管理家庭中多种水质的意愿。这表明在钦奈开发的见解和解决方案可能会扩展到其他地方。

著录项

  • 作者

    Srinivasan, Veena.;

  • 作者单位

    Stanford University.;

  • 授予单位 Stanford University.;
  • 学科 Engineering Civil.;Environmental Sciences.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 322 p.
  • 总页数 322
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 建筑科学;环境科学基础理论;
  • 关键词

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备：11010802029741号 ICP备案号：京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服务号