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The role of childhood growth, pre-pregnant nutrition status, and education on fertility in Ladino Guatemalan women.

机译：危地马拉裔拉丁裔妇女的童年成长，孕前营养状况和生育能力的作用。

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Growth during childhood is positively related to physical maturation and schooling attainment during adolescence. If earlier onset of puberty is associated with enhanced fertility while schooling is associated with reduced fertility, then the net effect in a woman's life is not readily apparent. Furthermore, the processes by which schooling influences women to have fewer children are poorly understood. This study focused on women from rural villages in Guatemala who participated as young children, as adolescents, and/or between the ages of 26-42 years. I sought to (1) examine the influences that schooling had on childbearing beliefs, and (2) elucidate the pathways between childhood growth and fertility outcomes through schooling and pre-pregnant nutrition status. Reproductive histories were analyzed for associations of schooling with fertility. Focus group transcripts were analyzed for meanings that more schooled women (≥6 years) compared to less schooled women (0-3 years schooling) ascribed to the events of childbearing. In a path model, direct and indirect path coefficients were calculated from early childhood growth to age at first pregnancy (AFP) and number of live births to date (NLB) through two mechanisms: pre-pregnant nutrition status (BMI or height) and schooling. Completion of primary school was associated older age at first pregnancy, smaller family size, and increased use of male-controlled contraceptive methods. More schooled women were more likely to consider the risks of adolescent pregnancy, discussion and personal choice in the marital relationship, and schooling for their children. Early childhood growth was positively related to BMI, height, and schooling. Each BMI unit (kg/m2), 5 cm of height, and year of schooling were associated with a -0.21+/-0.10 y (p=0.03), 0.15+/-0.05 y (p=0.02), and 0.31+/-0.06 y (p0.01) change in AFP, respectively. The proportion change in NLB associated with each kg/m2 of BMI, 5cm of height, or one year of schooling was 0.05+/-0.03 (p=0.2), -0.10+/-0.05 (p0.01), and -0.15+/-0.0.02 (p0.01), respectively. The results suggest the positive impact of childhood growth on adolescent growth and schooling attainment influenced reproductive practices mainly through schooling. Schooling likely influenced childbearing behaviors through incorporation of modern beliefs about the risks of adolescent pregnancy, the marital relationship, and providing schooling to children.
机译：童年时期的成长与青春期的身体成熟和受教育程度成正相关。如果青春期的较早发作与生育能力增强有关，而受教育与生育能力下降有关，那么对妇女生活的净影响就不那么明显了。此外，人们对上学影响妇女生育较少子女的过程知之甚少。这项研究的重点是危地马拉乡村妇女，她们年幼，青春期和/或年龄在26-42岁之间。我试图（1）研究学校教育对生育观念的影响，以及（2）通过学校教育和怀孕前的营养状况阐明儿童成长与生育结局之间的途径。对生殖史进行了分析，以了解受教育程度与生育能力之间的关系。分析了焦点小组笔录的含义，即将更多受过教育的妇女（≥6岁）与受教育程度较低的妇女（0-3岁）归因于生育事件。在路径模型中，通过两种机制计算了从儿童早期成长到第一次怀孕年龄（AFP）和迄今活产数量（NLB）的直接和间接路径系数：孕前营养状况（BMI或身高）和就学。小学毕业与第一次怀孕年龄较大，家庭规模较小以及男性控制避孕方法的使用增加有关。受教育程度更高的妇女更有可能考虑青春期怀孕，婚姻关系中的讨论和个人选择以及子女入学的风险。儿童早期成长与BMI，身高和就学程度呈正相关。每个BMI单位（kg / m2），身高5 cm和受教育年限分别与-0.21 +/- 0.10 y（p = 0.03），0.15 +/- 0.05 y（p = 0.02）和0.31+ AFP变化分别为--0.06 y（p <0.01）。与每千克/平方米BMI，5厘米身高或一年学制相关的NLB比例变化为0.05 +/- 0.03（p = 0.2），-0.10 +/- 0.05（p <0.01）和-0.15分别为+/- 0.0.02（p <0.01）。结果表明，儿童时期的成长对青少年成长的积极影响，而受教育程度主要通过学校教育影响了生殖方式。通过纳入关于青春期怀孕风险，婚姻关系以及为儿童提供教育的现代观念，学校教育可能会影响生育行为。

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