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Development and Application of Emerging Engine Exhaust Aerosol Measurement Technologies.

机译：新兴发动机排气气溶胶测量技术的开发与应用。

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摘要

The objectives of this research are to improve the understanding of variables like dilution and sampling conditions that contribute to particle-based emission measurements, to identify and improve current and emerging methods, and to use alternative methods to make measurements of engine exhaust to further elucidate the impact of fuels, emission control and engine state-of-maintenance on emissions.;Chapter 3 improves the understanding of variables like dilution and sampling conditions that contribute to particle-based emission measurements by assessing and comparing the nucleation tendency of Diesel aerosols when diluted with a porous wall dilutor or an air ejector in a laboratory setting. A de facto standard air-ejector dilutor and typical dilution conditions were used to establish the baseline sensitivity to dilution conditions for the given engine operating condition. A porous tube dilutor was designed and special attention was given to integrating the dilutor with the exhaust pipe and residence time chamber. Results from this system were compared with the ejector dilutor.;Chapter 4 describes the comparison of two methods that are used to separate the solid and volatile components of an aerosol: the thermal denuder (TD) and catalytic stripper (CS). The TD and CS were challenged with atmospheric and laboratory generated aerosols. Laboratory generated particles were composed of tetracosane, tetracosane and sulfuric acid, and dioctyl sebacate and sulfuric acid. These compositions were chosen because they roughly simulate the composition of nanoparticles found in Diesel exhaust. The TD method produced semi-volatile particle artifacts due to the incomplete removal of evaporated compounds that nucleated and formed particles and solid particle artifacts that formed during treatment of the aerosol by the TD. Fundamental differences in the performance of the two methods lead to different conclusions regarding the presence or absence, size, and concentration of solid particles in Diesel exhaust.;In Chapter 5 the physical and chemical nature of the engine exhaust from a Formula SAE spark ignition engine was evaluated using two competition fuels, 100 octane race fuel and E85. Three engine conditions were evaluated: 6000 RPM 75% throttle, 8000 RPM 50% throttle, and 8000 RPM 100% throttle. Diluted emissions were characterized using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). E85 fuel produced more power and produced less particulate matter emissions at all test conditions, but more fuel was consumed.;Chapter 6 demonstrates how exhaust aerosol measurements can be used to diagnose an engine fault in a Diesel engine. A cyclic variation in total particle number concentration was observed while making routine exhaust emission measurements. Many dilution and engine operating conditions were examined and by sequentially shutting down individual cylinders the problem was traced to cylinder 2. The engine was disassembled and piston 2's oil control ring was found to be fractured. Replacement of the ring eliminated the particle concentration fluctuation. This chapter presents the results of experimental measurements made to determine the cause of the irregular emissions.;Chapter 7 describes the results of three experiments performed with Continuously Regenerating Traps (CRTs) in a controlled laboratory setting to elucidate the effects of fuel sulfur content, filter age, and storage and release effects on particle concentration. In the first experiment, a new CRT was evaluated using near zero sulfur Fischer Tropsch fuel and low sulfur lubricating oil (420 ppm). The objective was to measure particle emissions from an emission control device that had not previously been exposed to sulfur under a variety of operating and dilution conditions. Next, a used CRT was evaluated using the same fuel and lubricating oil. Finally, the used uncatalyzed Diesel particulate filter (DPF) from the used CRT was replaced with a new, uncatalyzed DPF. The emissions from the used Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) + new DPF configuration were evaluated and compared to those of the used CRT. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：这项研究的目的是增进对诸如稀释和采样条件等变量的理解，这些变量有助于基于颗粒的排放测量，以识别和改进当前和新兴的方法，并使用替代方法对发动机排气进行测量以进一步阐明排放量。燃料，排放控制和发动机维护状态对排放的影响。;第3章通过评估和比较柴油机气雾剂稀释后的成核趋势，增进了对诸如稀释和采样条件等变量的理解，这些变量有助于基于颗粒的排放测量在实验室环境中使用多孔壁稀释器或空气喷射器。使用事实上的标准空气喷射器稀释器和典型的稀释条件来建立给定发动机工况对稀释条件的基线灵敏度。设计了多孔管稀释器，并特别注意将稀释器与排气管和停留时间室集成在一起。将该系统的结果与喷射稀释器进行了比较。第4章介绍了两种用于分离气溶胶中固体和挥发性成分的方法的比较：热剥蚀器（TD）和催化汽提器（CS）。 TD和CS受到大气和实验室产生的气溶胶的挑战。实验室产生的颗粒由十四烷，十四烷和硫酸，癸二酸二辛酯和硫酸组成。选择这些成分是因为它们大致模拟了柴油机废气中发现的纳米粒子的成分。 TD方法产生的半挥发性颗粒伪影是由于不完全去除成核并形成颗粒的蒸发化合物以及通过TD处理气雾剂过程中形成的固体颗粒伪影。两种方法在性能上的根本差异导致关于柴油机排气中固体颗粒的存在或不存在，大小和浓度的不同结论。;在第5章中，来自SAE公式火花点火式发动机的发动机排气的物理和化学性质使用两种竞争性燃料，100辛烷值竞赛燃料和E85进行评估。评估了三种发动机状况：6000 RPM 75％节气门，8000 RPM 50％节气门和8000 RPM 100％节气门。使用扫描淌度粒度仪（SMPS）和冷凝粒子计数器（CPC）表征稀释的排放物。在所有测试条件下，E85燃料产生的功率更大，排放的颗粒物更少，但是消耗了更多的燃料。；第6章演示了如何使用排气气溶胶测量来诊断柴油发动机的发动机故障。在进行常规废气排放测量时，观察到总粒子数浓度的周期性变化。检查了许多稀释液和发动机的工作条件，并通过顺序关闭各个气缸，将问题归结于气缸2。拆卸了发动机，发现活塞2的机油控制环破裂。更换环消除了颗粒浓度波动。本章介绍了确定不规则排放原因的实验测量结果。第7章介绍了在受控实验室环境中使用连续再生捕集阱（CRT）进行的三个实验的结果，以阐明燃料硫含量，过滤器的影响。老化，以及储存和释放对颗粒浓度的影响。在第一个实验中，使用接近零硫的Fischer Tropsch燃料和低硫润滑油（420 ppm）对新的CRT进行了评估。目的是测量排放控制装置中以前未在各种操作和稀释条件下暴露于硫的颗粒排放。接下来，使用相同的燃料和润滑油对用过的CRT进行评估。最后，将用过的CRT中使用过的未催化柴油颗粒过滤器（DPF）替换为新的未催化DPF。对使用过的柴油氧化催化剂（DOC）+新DPF配置的排放进行了评估，并将其与使用过的CRT的排放进行了比较。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

著录项

  • 作者

    Swanson, Jacob John.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Minnesota.;

  • 授予单位 University of Minnesota.;
  • 学科 Engineering Mechanical.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 218 p.
  • 总页数 218
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:36:56

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