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>Catholic rights discourse in nineteenth-century Germany: Bishop Ketteler protected religious and social freedoms from the equal threats of secularizing liberalism and anti-Catholic absolutism.
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Catholic rights discourse in nineteenth-century Germany: Bishop Ketteler protected religious and social freedoms from the equal threats of secularizing liberalism and anti-Catholic absolutism.
Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, a prominent nineteenth-century German Catholic bishop, used a language of rights that was essentially rooted in Catholic traditions. He used rights language, articulated a forward-looking social teaching, and 'performatively' acknowledged the value of representational politics, while nevertheless rejecting the individualism and atomism often associated with rights, liberalism, and democracy. Supporting his rights language, Ketteler's social theory was based on (1) an aristocratic/Romantic worldview, (2) German jurisprudence, (3) the Catholic theologians of Tubingen and Munich, and (4) the specific politics of the German states.; This intellectual archeology argues: (1) that rights language was part of the German legal landscape and non-controversial in Ketteler's context, including subjective rights language referring specifically to the freedoms of individual persons. A language of rights was used and recognized by most Germans in the mid-nineteenth century, including Roman Catholics, to protect fundamental freedoms and to insure basic material goods necessary for dignified human life; (2) that Ketteler's use of rights was firmly rooted in Roman Catholic traditions of natural law, relying directly upon St. Thomas Aquinas, and was embedded in the nineteenth-century Romantic conception of the 'organic social theory.' Ketteler referenced these traditions for both corporate and subjective rights with theoretical constancy; (3) that along with natural law, Ketteler's creative articulation of rights incorporated the methodological insights of secular legal traditions of nineteenth-century German jurisprudence, especially Savigny's historical school, and that the juristic (legal) realm of discourse influenced his political discourse; (4) that in challenging the foundations of German liberalism and the absolutist elements of German conservativism, he also creatively adapted their constructive insights to strengthen his own natural law system, and that this creativity was possible because of the central importance of practical reason in his teleological natural law system; (5) that Ketteler's life, work, and implicit philosophy of rights demonstrate a continuing relevance for the natural law, and the rich potential for the church in public life.
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机译：十九世纪著名的德国天主教主教威廉·伊曼纽尔·冯·凯特勒（Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler）使用的权利语言实质上源于天主教传统。他使用维权语言，表达了前瞻性的社会教导，“表现地”承认代议制政治的价值，尽管如此，他拒绝了通常与权利，自由主义和民主相关的个人主义和原子主义。支持他的人权语言的凯特勒的社会理论基于（1）贵族/浪漫主义世界观，（2）德国法学，（3）图宾根和慕尼黑的天主教神学家，以及（4）德国各州的具体政治。这种知识考古学认为：（1）维特语言是德国法律格局的一部分，在凯特勒的语境中是无争议的，包括主观的维权语言专门指个人的自由。在十九世纪中叶，包括罗马天主教徒在内的大多数德国人都使用并认可了一种权利语言，以保护基本自由并确保人类尊严生活所需的基本物质； （2）凯特勒对权利的使用牢固地扎根于罗马天主教的自然法传统，直接依赖于圣托马斯·阿奎那，并嵌入了19世纪浪漫主义的“有机社会理论”概念。凯特勒（Ketteler）在理论上始终如一地参考了公司和主观权利的这些传统； （3）凯特勒（Ketteler）与自然法一起创造性地阐述了权利，并结合了19世纪德国法学的世俗法律传统的方法论见解，特别是萨维尼（Savigny）的历史学派，并且话语的法律（法律）领域影响了他的政治话语； （4）他在挑战德国自由主义的基础和德国保守主义的专制主义者的同时，还创造性地运用了他们的建设性见识来加强自己的自然法体系，并且由于实践理性在他的著作中的重要性，这种创造性是可能的目的自然法体系； （5）凯特勒的生活，工作和内在的权利哲学显示出与自然法则的持续相关性，以及教会在公共生活中的巨大潜力。
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