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Comparative ecological modeling for long-term solution of excess nitrogen loading to surface waters and related chronic and systemic human-environment problems.

机译：长期解决地表水中过量氮负荷以及相关的慢性和系统性人类环境问题的长期比较生态模型。

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摘要

Concurrent environmental problems including (1) excess CO2 emissions and climate change, (2) excess nitrogen export and eutrophication of surface waters, and (3) dependence on non-renewable fossil fuel energy supplies can be considered interdependent symptoms of a single systemic "humans in the environment disorder". This dissertation presents results from three integrated research projects to frame and solve this general human-environmental problem. As an interdisciplinary whole, the projects help define and characterize organizing principles for future human-environment systems without major carbon (C), nitrogen (N), energy and related problems. Forests and other non-human ecosystems provide model systems, as these communities self-sustain for 10,000 years and longer. Comparative studies of soils, C and N emissions, and food web networks provide transferable principles to guide local action for sustainability. Soils in long-term forest land-use stored more C and organic matter than soils in long-term agricultural use. These results recommend permaculture, agroforestry and perennial agriculture to provide food and other human needs while building soil and enhancing soil fertility. Audits of the Appalachian Laboratory in Frostburg, MD, showed this environmental science facility causes emissions of 70 times more C and 60 times more N than local forests can absorb. The Lab also is 99% dependent on non-renewable energy sources. This study provides data necessary to alter operations toward environmental sustainability. Comparisons of the U.S. beef supply network showed unusually high network ascendency (a whole-system efficiency measure), higher dependency on a few compartments and lower network connectance than four non-human food webs. Results support efforts to increase U.S. food supply reliability via local agriculture and diversified food network pathways. Overall, the research identifies a systemic cultural cause of the human-environment crisis in subordination of environmental value, quality and capacity to values in economic, social, scientific and other arenas. Elevation of environmental value to equal standing with other human values thus promises a solution to the global ecological crisis. Realization of such a cultural paradigm shift likely requires revisions to fundamental scientific definitions, theories and understanding of life, evolution and ecology, all of which now operate with a predominantly organismal model of life that likewise de-emphasizes the environment.
机译：并发的环境问题包括：（1）过量的CO2排放和气候变化；（2）过量的氮输出和地表水富营养化；（3）依赖不可再生的化石燃料能源供应，可被视为单一系统“人类”的相互依存症状。在环境混乱中”。本文提出了三个综合研究项目的成果，以框架和解决这一普遍的人类环境问题。作为一个跨学科的整体，这些项目有助于定义和表征未来人类-环境系统的组织原则，而没有主要的碳（C），氮（N），能源和相关问题。森林和其他非人类生态系统提供了模型系统，因为这些社区可以自我维持一万年甚至更长的时间。对土壤，碳和氮排放以及食物网的比较研究提供了可转移的原则，以指导当地采取可持续行动。长期森林土地利用中的土壤比长期农业利用土壤中储存的碳和有机物更多。这些结果建议永续农业，农林业和多年生农业在提供土壤和增强土壤肥力的同时提供粮食和其他人类需求。马里兰州弗罗斯堡的阿巴拉契亚实验室的审计表明，这种环境科学设施的排放碳比当地森林吸收的碳多70倍，氮多60倍。该实验室还有99％依赖不可再生能源。这项研究提供了改变运营以实现环境可持续性所必需的数据。与四个非人类食物网相比，美国牛肉供应网络的比较显示出异常高的网络优势（整个系统的效率指标），对几个部分的依赖性更高，网络连接性更低。结果支持通过当地农业和多样化的食物网络途径提高美国食物供应可靠性的努力。总体而言，研究从环境价值，质量以及经济，社会，科学和其他领域的价值能力的服从中识别出人类环境危机的系统文化原因。因此，将环境价值提高到与其他人类价值相同的地位，有望解决全球生态危机。要实现这种文化范式转换，可能需要对基本的科学定义，理论以及对生命，进化和生态学的理解进行修订，所有这些现在都以主要是生物的生命模型来运作，而生命模型同样强调了环境。

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