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Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pools water.

机译：室内游泳池水中的消毒副产物的发生和形成。

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摘要

Chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne infectious diseases from swimming pools. This required disinfection practice also results in the formation of undesirable disinfection by-products (DBPs) from the reactions of chlorine with the organic matter (released by swimmers or present in the filling water of the pool) and bromide. The main objective of this research was to improve our understanding of the occurrence and formation of DBP classes: trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs) under swimming pool operation conditions as practiced in the US and estimate their potential adverse health impacts on swimmers and lifeguards. During the occurrence study conducted during this research, the occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were also investigated. Specifically, the objectives of the research were: (1) to examine the occurrence of the five DBPs in indoor swimming pools in the US, (2) to conduct a multi-pathway risk assessment on THMs and two HAAs of swimming pool water, (3) to determine the role and contribution of the two main precursors (i.e., filling water natural organic matter (NOM) vs. body fluids (BF) from swimmers) to the formation of THMs, HAAs), and HNMs in swimming pools, (4) to investigate the impacts of swimming pool operational parameters: free available chlorine (FAC), pH, bather load (TOC), water bromide content, and temperature on the formation and speciation of THMs, HAAs, and HNMs, and (5) to measure the formation of THMs and HAAs from the body fluids.;The occurrence of DBPs was investigated by collecting samples from 23 indoor pools in South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina. Furthermore, the occurrence of DBPs and their speciation in three indoor pools was examined periodically for nine months. Generally the DBPs in the investigated pools were far higher than the drinking water regulation values in the US or swimming pool regulations in other countries. Differences in swimming pool operation conditions and chlorination methods affected the amount, formation and speciation of the DBPs investigated in this study. The electrochemically generation of chlorine increased the brominated species.;Both the water and calculated air concentrations were used to estimate the potential lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer hazard index from swimming in the three indoor pools sampled along nine months. Results showed elevated lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks (hazard) from swimming in these pools. The lifetime cancer risk was higher than the acceptable risk level of 10 -6 by a factor of 10 to 10,000 in most cases. The hazard index exceeded the acceptable maximum hazard index ratio of 1 and reached a maximum of 26 at times.;To examine the contribution of different precursors in swimming pools, three DBPs formation potentials in swimming pool waters were examined using five filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant effluents in South Carolina and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). The BFAs were mixtures prepared in the laboratory to simulate body fluids (mainly major components of urine and sweat) which are continuously excreted from swimmers into pool water. Reactivity of filling waters NOM and BFAs to form THMs, HAAs, and HNMs was tested under swimming pool conditions. The results showed that BFAs were more reactive with chlorine and exerted high demands as compared to filling waters NOM. BFAs exhibited higher formation potential of HAAs than THMs. An opposite trend was observed for filling water NOM which formed more THM than HAA.;The formation and speciation of THMs, HAAs and HNMs were also investigated under various disinfection and operation conditions typically used in US swimming pools. Increases in free available chlorine, pH, (bather load) TOC, water temperature, and bromide levels in the water increased the overall formation of DBPs. However these factors affected the different classes of DBPs at different magnitudes. Higher free available chlorine increased HAAs more than THMs. The temperature effect was greater on the formation of THMs than for HAAs whereas contact time increased HAAs more than THMs. The presence of bromide shifted the DBPs toward brominated species and increased overall THMs and HNMs more than HAAs.;The formation of THMs and HAAs from the body fluids during turnover time of swimming pool water, especially at short reaction times, was also studied. The results showed that DBP formations are fast reactions, and an appreciable percentage occurred in the first 3-6 hours which is about the typical turnover time for water in swimming pools. THM formation was faster than HAA formation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：氯化用于防止游泳池传播水传播传染病。这种要求的消毒做法还导致氯与有机物（由游泳者释放或存在于水池的填充水中）和溴化物的反应形成不良的消毒副产物（DBP）。这项研究的主要目的是增进我们对在美国游泳池操作条件下三卤甲烷（THM），卤乙酸（HAAs）和卤硝基甲烷（HNM）发生和形成DBP类的了解，并评估其潜力对游泳者和救生员的不利健康影响。在本研究进行的发生研究期间，还调查了N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）和卤代乙腈（HANs）的发生。具体而言，研究的目标是：（1）检查美国室内游泳池中五个DBP的发生情况；（2）对THM和游泳池水的两个HAA进行多途径风险评估，（ 3）确定两种主要前体的作用（即，填充游泳者的水中天然有机物（NOM）相对于体液（BF））在游泳池中THM，HAA和HNM的形成中，（ 4）研究游泳池操作参数的影响：游离有效氯（FAC），pH，沐浴负荷（TOC），溴化氢含量和温度对THM，HAA和HNM的形成和形态的影响，以及（5） ；通过测量来自南卡罗来纳州，乔治亚州和北卡罗来纳州的23个室内游泳池的样本，调查了DBP的发生。此外，定期检查了三个室内游泳池中DBP的发生及其形态，历时9个月。通常，被调查池中的DBP远远高于美国的饮用水法规值或其他国家的游泳池法规。游泳池操作条件和氯化方法的差异影响了本研究中所研究的DBP的数量，形成和形态。氯的电化学生成增加了溴化物的种类。水和计算出的空气浓度均被用来估计在9个月内采样的三个室内游泳池中终身可能的癌症风险和非癌症危害指数。结果表明，在这些泳池中游泳会增加终生癌症和非癌症风险（危害）。在大多数情况下，终生癌症风险要比可接受的风险水平10 -6高出10到10,000倍。危害指数超过可接受的最大危害指数比1，有时达到最大26 .;为检查游泳池中不同前体的贡献，使用从5种获得的5种填充水检查了3种DBP在游泳池水中的形成潜力南卡罗来纳州的饮用水处理厂废水和三种体液类似物（BFA）。 BFA是在实验室中制备的混合物，用于模拟体液（主要是尿液和汗液的主要成分），这些体液不断地从游泳者中排泄到游泳池水中。在游泳池条件下测试了填充水NOM和BFA形成THM，HAA和HNM的反应性。结果表明，与充水NOM相比，BFA与氯的反应性更高，并具有较高的要求。 BFA比THM具有更高的HAAs形成潜力。填充水的NOM形成相反的趋势，NOM形成的THM比HAA多。在美国泳池通常使用的各种消毒和操作条件下，还研究了THM，HAA和HNM的形成和形态。水中可用的游离氯，pH，（TOC负载）TOC，水温和溴化物含量的增加增加了DBP的总体形成。但是，这些因素以不同的幅度影响了不同类别的DBP。游离氯含量较高时，HAA的增加量高于THM。温度对THM形成的影响大于HAA，而接触时间使HAA的增加大于THM。溴化物的存在使DBPs向溴化物种转移，比THAs增加更多的THMs和HNMs。还研究了游泳池水周转期间，特别是在短反应时间内，体液中THMs和HAAs的形成。结果表明，DBP的形成是快速反应，并且在最初的3-6小时内发生了可观的百分比，这大约是游泳池中水的典型周转时间。 THM的形成要快于HAA的形成。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

著录项

  • 作者

    Kanan, Amer A.;

  • 作者单位

    Clemson University.;

  • 授予单位 Clemson University.;
  • 学科 Engineering Environmental.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 278 p.
  • 总页数 278
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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