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Changes in grain quality and grain protein composition of winter wheat cultivars under different levels of soil nitrogen and water stress.

机译：不同氮素和水分胁迫条件下冬小麦品种籽粒品质和蛋白质组成的变化。

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Hard white winter (HWW) wheat cultivars must have superior protein quality and consistent processing quality to be successful in the Asian market. New cultivars and management strategies are needed to produce HWW grain for both bread and noodle applications from diverse environments in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW). This study investigated the variability in grain quality, grain protein content and composition, and dough mixing properties in relation to moisture stress during grain-fill and nitrogen management in the PNW. Seven HWW and two soft white winter wheats were grown under line source irrigation and two nitrogen fertilization levels over two years and two locations. Plots were irrigated during grain-fill to replace from 100 to less than 30 % of measured evapotranspiration. Grain quality, protein quality, and protein composition were characterized by nitrogen determinations, single kernel analysis, polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), SDS sedimentation tests, Mixograph analyses, and size-exclusion HPLC. Water stress during grain-fill negatively affected grain yield, test weight, and kernel weight and diameter. Among HWW cultivars, water stress caused reductions in test weight which were of larger magnitude in late maturing cultivars than in early genotypes. Mixograph peak time, stability, and tolerance were relatively unchanged over irrigation treatments. Nitrogen fertilization showed a positive contribution to both protein quantity and quality, without affecting PPO levels. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between flour protein and PPO. Changes in protein quality and composition were related to general increases in protein concentration, regardless if the result of reducing irrigation or increasing fertilization. The proportion of monomeric proteins (gliadins) increased more rapidly than the polymeric proteins (glutenins) as flour protein increased. Grouping of genotypes in biplots indicated that cultivars of similar quality responded similarly to treatment combinations in terms of protein quality and dough mixing properties. The patterns of response suggest that management strategies to meet target protein content and end-use quality are relatively independent of genotypic differences. Similar management strategies could then be recommended for HWW when targeting specific end-uses. Early maturity reduced the impact of water and heat stress during grain-fill and would contribute to enhance grain quality and consistency in PNW cultivars.
机译：硬白冬季（HWW）小麦品种必须具有卓越的蛋白质质量和稳定的加工质量，才能在亚洲市场获得成功。需要新的品种和管理策略来从美国太平洋西北地区（PNW）的不同环境中生产用于面包和面条应用的HWW谷物。这项研究调查了PNW中籽粒充实和氮素管理过程中与水分胁迫相关的谷物品质，谷物蛋白质含量和组成以及面团混合特性的变异性。在两年内和两个地点，在线源灌溉和两个氮肥水平下种植了七个HWW和两个软白冬小麦。在灌浆过程中对田地进行灌溉，以代替所测量的蒸散量的100％至不足30％。谷物质量，蛋白质质量和蛋白质组成通过氮含量测定，单核分析，多酚氧化酶活性（PPO），SDS沉降测试，Mixograph分析和尺寸排阻HPLC进行表征。籽粒充实过程中的水分胁迫对籽粒产量，试验重量以及籽粒重量和直径产生负面影响。在HWW品种中，水分胁迫导致试验重量的减少，与早期基因型相比，晚熟品种的体重减轻幅度更大。在灌溉处理中，混频仪的峰值时间，稳定性和耐受性相对不变。氮肥对蛋白质的数量和质量均具有积极的作用，而不会影响PPO的水平。此外，面粉蛋白和PPO之间未发现显着相关性。蛋白质质量和组成的变化与蛋白质浓度的总体升高有关，无论减少灌溉或增加施肥的结果。随着面粉蛋白的增加，单体蛋白（麦醇溶蛋白）的比例比聚合物蛋白（谷蛋白）的增长更快。基因组中双基因型的分组表明，相似质量的品种在蛋白质质量和面团混合特性方面对处理组合的响应相似。反应模式表明，满足目标蛋白质含量和最终用途质量的管理策略相对独立于基因型差异。在针对特定最终用途时，可以为HWW建议类似的管理策略。早熟减少了灌浆过程中水分和热胁迫的影响，并将有助于提高PNW品种的谷物品质和一致性。

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